... of educational materials (materials appropriate to undergraduate
education as opposed to available professional education materials) to assist
universities in developing and maintaining an undergraduate ... to achieve durability
performance goals
• Development of statistical databases for LRFD calibration, e.g. maintenance,
operations and geotechnical databases
• Development of performance standards ...
Important Activites/Areas for Research
• Development of a framework fora performance-based specification, and
accompanying design manual
• Development of probability-based service limit-states...
... marketing
Strategic
Planning
a What is planning?
a Why organisations plan?
a What is strategy?
a What are the main schools of thought on strategy formation?
a What is the planning’s approach to strategy ... functional teams
ainformal and formal decision making
aannual marketing plans
Why the decision making
process is important?
aa clear competitive advantage is
to make informed decisions
quickly
aP. ...
strategies and project
ideas
Reassessment and
updating of plan
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Formal annual planning report
Update written environmental analysis and sales and
share forecasts
Summarise strategies...
... publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record has been ... piloted these
materials, and in particular my colleagues Ann Smith,
Janet Sanders, John Rabone and Sandra Haywood for their
help in unravelling some of the finer points of academic
language.
My wife, ... Republic, Spain, Japan and Malaysia.
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank the many staff and students at
the Centre for English Language Education (CELE) at
The University of Nottingham who have...
...
Quotations
4.5 Comparison Essay
Read the essay carefully and find:
a) a definition
b) an example
c) a generalisation
d) a phrase expressing cause and effect
e) a passive
f) a phrase expressing caution
g) ... e-education) has emerged as a potential rival
to traditional classroom learning. It normally involves
having access to a secure site on the internet where a
graded series of lessons are available, ...
paraphrase:
a) Although W. economies expanded since 1950s, no
parallel growth in happiness.
b) But most rich people say they are happier than poor.
c) Money appears to make individuals happier...
... a title, and students must be quite
clear what question the title is asking before starting to plan the
essay and read around the topic. This unit deals with analysing titles
and making basic ... so that by the late 1980s only the most
honest countries confessed to having as many as
half their population illiterate, and only ten – all but
Afghanistan in Africa – were prepared to admit ... primary education i.e. basic literacy
was indeed the aspiration of virtually all governments.
(p. 295)
d) There was a sharp and widespread increase in
occupations requiring education above...
... information or data (collectively,
“information”) made available at the company
web site are provided “as is”, without warranties of
any kind. The Company expressly disclaims any
representations ...
Where might each one be found?
Academic Jargon
Archaic Journalistic
Formal Literary
4. Match the examples below with the types of English listed
above:
a) Demographic data are given in Table 1. Twenty-
three ... of Asia and suggest possible
approaches to halting their spread.
1.5 Understanding Purpose and
Register
Having decided that a text is reliable, a student must read and
understand as much as...
... of malaria, already one of the
world’s major killers, are steadily spreading across the
globe. The deadly strains have established themselves in
South-East Asia and South America, and have ...
‘There are so many strains of malaria parasite,’ said one
scientist, ‘and each is able to alter its chemical surface
and trick its way past the body’s defences. We’d need a
remarkable vaccine ...
paraphrasing in note-making and summary writing. Effective
paraphrasing is vital in academic writing to avoid the risk of
plagiarism.
1. Although paraphrasing techniques are used in summary...
... completed its planned new
capital, Abuja. Both Brazil and Malaysia have found that
the building of new capitals (Brasilia and Putrajaya) can
sharply increase the national burden of debt. Even ... that baboons have the ability to think in
an abstract way. The animals were taught to use a
computer, and then had to select patterns that were
similar, which they did at a rate better than ... strongest
brands in the world.
c) However, many major car companies struggle with
stagnant markets and falling profits.
7.
Combine all these techniques to paraphrase the paragraph as
fully as possible.
FOUR...
...
market, e.g. local
TV advertising very expensive (to make and show)
many people video TV and fast forward adverts
newspaper adverts can be prepared more quickly
TV adverts can reach a wider audience
a) ... of advertising on TV with advertising
in newspapers. What are the main differences? Are there
any similarities?
TV adverts more lively, dynamic
newspaper adverts can be targeted at a special ... Organising Paragraphs
45
1. topic
2. restatement
3. reason
4. example
5. information
5. The sentences below form a paragraph, but have been
mixed up.
Rewrite them in the correct order and analyse...
... ideas if necessary.
Cultural adaptation among overseas students at an
Australian university.
a)
The research programme
purpose: to study how students from different cultural
backgrounds adapt ... many
countries. the Atlantic
moderates extreme types of weather, and . . . . . . . . . . . . .
the weather pattern can change radically from
year to year. As a result warm days in winter and ... university
b) Reasons why classroom based education remains
popular:
students can be part of group; receive support
and advice; learn from colleagues
students have face-to-face contact with a teacher
is...
... encourage extra
traffic. This may be partly true, but the alternatives are
equally problematic. Road pricing has many practical
difficulties, while people are reluctant to use public
transport. ...
useful.
cross-reference
2.4 Comparison
4.5 Comparison Essay
68
Elements of Writing
3. Analyse the following paragraph in a similar way:
Obesity is a growing problem in many countries. It can
lead to various medical conditions ... eat
this unhealthy diet.
Problem
Cause A
Argument against cause A
Cause B
Conclusion in favour of B
4. Use the following points to build an argument in one paragraph:
Topic: University expansion
Problem:...
... two main reasons; one
economic and one social. The former appears to be a lack
of capital, the latter a failure to carry out sufficient market
research. Jenkins considers that together these account
for ... agreed meaning.
Word Category Detail Use
A lecture is a formal talk given to a large
group,
often used for
teaching.
An assignment is a task often given to
students
for teaching or
assessment.
2. ... higher in Germany than in
France. (most formal)
(High/low are used for comparing abstract concepts such as
rates.)
Ones can replace the noun when used with an adjective:
German letters are more...
... uniforms
is . . .
drawback
disadvantage
a negative feature
con (informal)
minus (informal)
a serious drawback to state control
is . . .
2. There are two basic outlines fora discussion essay:
i) ... following:
a) Many plants and animals are threatened by global
warming.
b) Many plants and animals are threatened by global
warming. In southern Britain, for example, the beech
tree may become ... clearer.
a) His mother’s sister was a small but very remarkable
woman.
b) When the liquid reached boiling point the reaction began.
c) It appears that Candlemas day was celebrated with large...
... begin an essay with remarks that are
general but also accurate and clear.
Decide which of the following are suitable (essay titles in
brackets):
a) (Do newspapers have a future?)
Newspapers are ... as many the majority/minority
a tenfold increase 50%, a percentage
to double/halve on average/the average
number
the most/least a small/large proportion
Rewrite each sentence in a simpler way, ... statistical data is a necessary part of much
academic writing:
Approximately 1,800 children between the ages of 5 and
12 years were randomly selected . . .
Already 3% of the US working population...