... better in Limousine and Normande than in Abondance breed It was best inthe Normande population inthe first seven generations andinthe Limousine inthe older generations (table V) However, the ... 20% higher inbreeding level inthe population of Normande females born in 1988-91 The effective size ofthe populations (Ne) was estimated from the average increase in inbreeding during the last ... generation was observed inthe Normande breed, a moderate increase inthe Abondance breed, and a decrease inthe Limousine Accordingly, the effective size was the smallest inthe Normande breed (47),...
... domain containing receptors (in the case of IL-1) or TNF-family receptors (in the case of TNF) Hence, there is the potential for an amplification loop, dampened by feedback inhibition ofthe ... member ofthe peptidoglycan recognition protein family of proteins inthe fly Imd itself is a homolog ofthe mammalian protein RIP, andthe imd signaling pathway overall resembles the TNF signaling ... Morgan, Bridges, and their heirs, forward genetics may be applied in many different genetic model organisms In flies, andin mice, it has led to the elucidation ofthe key proteins ofthe innate immune...
... sites ofthe pECFP–N1 and pEYFP–N1 vectors Construction ofgenetic variants ofthe dopamine receptorsThe following genetic variants ofthe dopamine receptors were constructed: three variants ofthe ... indicated basic region of ic3 ofthe D2 receptor and acidic region ofthe C-tail ofthe D1 receptor might be involved inthe interactions between the two dopamine receptorsIn addition, the subcellular ... to whether there is any energy transfer inthe examined sample Therefore, we used this type of measurement to investigate interactions between the dopamine D1 and D2 receptorsand their genetic...
... Constructing the ‘Tyr-loop-out’ variants ofthe bacterial PALs The ‘Tyr-loop -in models PlPALin and SmPALin were modified by replacing residues 50–85 (PlPALin) and 34–68 (SmPALin) with the corresponding ... protein chromophore of these bacteria The two recently discovered aminomutases, the phenylalanine 2,3-aminomutase (PAM) involved in taxol biosynthesis in Taxus chinensis [27] or T cuspidata [28] and ... which may be interpreted by this hypothesis The hypothesis will also be extended to the analysis ofthe possible roleof C-terminal multi-helix domain in this process Investigation of bacterial...
... rate The left-hand panels of Figure report the upward bias inthe mean real rate andthe downward bias inthevariabilityofthe real rate depending on the level ofthe nominal equilibrium rate of ... monetary policy inthe presence ofthe zero bound Inthe following, we will show that such a prescription may focus on theroleof base money andofthe nominal exchange rate as instruments of monetary ... contracts concerns the definition ofthe wage indices that form the basis ofthe intertemporal comparison underlying the determination ofthe current nominal contract wage The Fuhrer-Moore specification...
... that these inhibitory domain–domain interactions are relieved by binding ofthe metal to the N-terminus ofthe ATPase To further study theroleofthe Ccc2 N-terminus inthe overall function ofthe ... [36,37] The current hypothesis involves domain–domain interactions between the N-terminus and other domains ofthe ATPase Indeed, in vitro studies ofthe purified N-terminus and catalytic loop ofthe ... that these two domains interact inthe absence of copper and that their interaction is diminished by copper binding to the N-terminus [38] Such a domain–domain interaction has been proposed to hinder...
... protein) andthe corresponding fit are shown in Fig 4B The observed rate of cyanide binding to the ferric enzyme linearly increased with the concentration of cyanide The slope yielded the apparent ... another (wild-type protein: 0.57–0.61) The Reinheitszahl of Asn153fiAsp is inthe range 0.42–0.45 andthe peaks inthe UV/Vis spectrum are at 408, 512 and 640 nm The small shoulder at 368 nm indicates ... investigated in this study The absorption spectrum ofthe Asn153fiAla variant resembles closely that ofthe recombinant wild-type enzyme inthe resting state [7,12,13] exhibiting the typical bands of a...
... Immunolocalization of VEGF, Flt-1 and Flk-1 in GCT samples We initially analyzed the expression profiles of VEGF andthe VEGF receptorsin GCT specimens TRAP Page of staining demonstrated the presence of bone-resorbing ... expression andthe clinical stage of GCTs at presentation To determine the status of pY-Flt-1 and pY-FAK in GCT samples, the staining intensity of each specimen was scored as follows: (weak staining; ... signaling and that this signaling plays important roles in recruiting OPCs into the GCT tissue On the other hand, ZD4190 did not completely block the basal level of chemotaxis and proliferation of...
... Immunolocalization of VEGF, Flt-1 and Flk-1 in GCT samples We initially analyzed the expression profiles of VEGF andthe VEGF receptorsin GCT specimens TRAP Page of staining demonstrated the presence of bone-resorbing ... expression andthe clinical stage of GCTs at presentation To determine the status of pY-Flt-1 and pY-FAK in GCT samples, the staining intensity of each specimen was scored as follows: (weak staining; ... signaling and that this signaling plays important roles in recruiting OPCs into the GCT tissue On the other hand, ZD4190 did not completely block the basal level of chemotaxis and proliferation of...
... superfamily, containing r-conotoxins and aS-conotoxins; the T superfamily, containing e-conotoxins and v-conotoxins; the P superfamily, containing the spasmodic peptides; the I superfamily, containing several ... jI-conotoxins, andthe A superfamily, containing a-conotoxins, aA-conotoxins and jA-conotoxins [1] Competitive antagonists ofthenicotinicacetylcholinereceptors (nAChRs) belong to the a and aA ... describe the purification, amino acid sequence determination and cloning ofthe cDNA encoding two novel peptides, SrIA and SrIB, found inthe venom of Conus spurius The pattern andthe spacing of their...
... of participate inthe formation of EpI-resistant a7 receptors, or an ACh-binding protein reveals the ligand-binding domain of that the functional properties ofthe nAChR are modified innicotinic ... microdomains within the same binding site [35] The proline residue in position 6, which is conserved in all other a-conotoxins, appears to be the major determinant ofthe abilities of ImI and ImII ... role for a3 inthe formation of native MII binding sites, but may reflect the Vc1.1 scarcity of these sites inthe investigated brain tissues and/ or the formation of low affinity binding sites that...
... residue type andinthe case of loop in both the type and number of residues The N- and C-termini are labeled (B) On the left is the three-dimensional structure ofthe 4/6 framework a-conotoxin, AuIB ... showing the residues important for binding is shown in Fig The increase in potency for [A10L]PnIA has been attributed to the longer side chain ofthe leucine at position 10 In general, for the ... shown in stick format with the N- and C-termini labeled On the right is the corresponding schematic representation ofthe conserved residues inthe 4/6 a-conotoxin sequences (C) On the left is the...
... indicated a-conotoxins and their analogs Final concentrations ofthe radioligand and toxin-binding sites of receptor were 280 and 230 nM, respectively The data shown are the averages of two independent ... native toxin, the position ofthe C-terminus is stabilized by the ionic pair (salt bridge) between the N-terminus andthe side chain ofthe aspartate D12 Inthe case of [D12S]SIA, the ionic link is ... enabled the identification of specific a-conotoxin and ⁄ or nAChR residues taking part in ligand–receptor interactions [12–15] The crystal structure ofthe acetylcholine- binding protein (AChBP) from the...
... structure of an ACh-binding protein reveals the ligand-binding domain ofnicotinicreceptors Nature 411, 269–276 13 Couturier, S., Bertrand, D., Matter, J.M., Hernandez, M.C., Bertrand, S., Millar, ... refolding or measuring the spectra Therefore, the conformation ofthe a7 moiety inthe mutant may be more similar to the ECD conformation ofthe intact a7 AChR Although calculation ofthe secondary ... were shown by Green and coworkers to depend on the state of cysteine residues inthe ECDs ofthe a7 and a subunits, respectively [26,32] The major roleofthe redox state ofthe disulfide Cys128–Cys142...
... 1985) In France, introductions took place inthe years 1950-1965 and wild-living populations are now present inthe mountains ofthe Alps, the Pyr6n6es, the C6vennes andthe Massif Central Thegenetic ... hemoglobin The aim of this study was to determine the effects of founder events variabilityof introduced mouflon populations Genetic variation and discussed in relation to the history ofthe introductions ... Apollonio, 1988) and for the Alpine Ibex (Stuwe and Scribner, 1989) The maintenance ofgeneticvariability observed inthe mouflon populations may be explained by the geographical diversity and genetic...
... the list of matings still variable (subject to optimization) andthe list ofthe n j most frequent matings ofthe cows still involved inthe current optimization (“protected” matings) Then, the ... differ, then the cow is maintained inthe list of cows constrained for further optimization Otherwise, the cow is removed from this list and her matings are fixed according to the following method ... and is noted b Each element is equal to the average ofthe EBV ofthe parents involved If the average EBV of matings is set to B, the desired value, then b x = B An additional constraint is included...
... to the involvement of loop I inthe short-chain toxin erabutoxin-a, mutations inthe loop I residues ofthe long-chain toxin α-cobratoxin did not confer decrease inthe affinity ofthe toxin ... 2007), but the absence ofthe complementary subunit ofthe ligand-binding site posed limitations inthe accuracy of orientation ofthe toxin andthe inter residue interactions In 2013, the crystal ... Prominent subtypes ofnicotinicacetylcholinereceptors Figure 1.11 Structure oftheacetylcholine (ACh)-binding site on the 7 nicotinicacetylcholine receptor (nAChR) Figure 1.12 Toxins that have...
... also involves tyrosine dephosphorylation of cortactin, vinculin and ezrin, which are three wellknown actin-binding proteins [6] The phosphatases involved in this scenario, however, remain unknown ... distribution, making them unsuitable for the investigation of b-catenin signalling [29] In support of this aspect, using Madin–Darby canine kidney cells that express E-cadherin and b-catenin without ... bacteria gain access to integrins and inject CagA The basal injection model of CagA can also explain why H pylori does not cause more gastric damage in infected individuals and may only inject virulence...