reflected ground wave single and multiple offsets
Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis - Part 7 pot
... of the direct ground wave, whereas the WARR and CMP methods can use ground wave peak amplitude arrival times at different offsets to measure ground wave velocity 70.4.1 MATERIAL AND INSTRUMENTS ... section on p 950 Surface GPR (Reflected Ground Wave, Single and Multiple Offsets) The single offset method relies on knowing the depth to a subsurface reflector, whereas the multiple offset method only ... survey as all direct ground wave arrival times are measured relative to it: tab ¼ tgw À t0 (70:4) where tab is the absolute ground wave arrival time, and tgw is the measured ground wave arrival time...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "Water balance of a Southern Moravian floodplain forest under natural and modified soil water regimes and its ecological consequences" pps
... of the model tree (V T.tree) and of the stand (VT.stand) at the area of Astand Atree = Astand (VT.tree / VT.stand) crown ground plan, Actmax or similarly by the ground plan of root systems, Artmax, ... [47], who analyzed both aboveground and underground systems of 15 large main canopy trees in the same stand and [45, 46] who analyzed shrub and herbaceous layer Standard errors of the appropriate ... the actual crown ground plan area, Vctact = Actact drt and that corresponding to the maximum crown ground plan area (= stand area), Vstand = Astand drt Ratio of all such volumes and thus also their...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "A generic model of forest canopy conductance dependent on climate, soil water availability and leaf area index" potx
... controlled mainly by stand LAI, and stomatal conductance In addition, atmospheric turbulence and stand structure determines the aerodynamic transfer between the canopy and the atmosphere However, ... between and 1, whatever the site; – both predawn water potential and REW are strongly related [4] Figure illustrates the relationship between gc and REW in five coniferous and broadleaved stands ... In closed stands, available energy was assumed to be equal to the net radiation measured over the canopy, minus heat storage in the air and in the above ground biomass In open stands (e.g LAI...
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Báo cáo lâm nghiệp: "The influence of acid mist upon transpiration, shoot water potential and pressure—volume curves of red spruce seedlings" pot
... Day and night transpiration rates were tree1 s’ 1.19 ± 0.06 mmol (day) and 0.54 ± 0.06 mmol (night) for tree1 s’ whole trees treated with pH 2.5 mist, tree1 s’ and 1.5 ± 0.14 mmol (day) and 0.68 ... treatment pH Fig shows changes in e with turgor v (top) and RWC (bottom) for pH 2.5, 3.0 and pH 5.0 treated branches -, increased linearly with turgor and increased curvilinearly with RWC pH 5.0 treated ... Forests, VVetlands and Ac Ecosystems, (Hutchricultural f inson T.C & Meema K.M., eds.), NATO ASI Series, Springer-’Verlag, Berlin, pp 83-99 Kim J.M & Lee-3tadelmann O.Y (1984) Water relations and cell...
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Control of Dioxins (and other Organochlorines) from the Pulp and Paper Industry under the Clean Water Act and Lead in Soil at Superfund Mining Sites: Two Case Studies in EPA''''s Use of Science potx
... Terrestrial and Avian Wildlife, and Aquatic Life to Dioxins and Furans from Disposal and Use of Sludge from Bleached Kraft and Sulfite Pulp and Paper Mills Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, July ... DC, pp 5-20 Gilman and EPA 1994 Memorandum of Understanding between Gilman Paper Company and the U.S Environmental Protection Agency Regarding the Land Application of Pulp and Paper Mill Materials ... Pulp and Paper and Lead in Soil at Mining Sites iv Act; Safe Drinking Water Act; Toxic Substances Control Act; Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act; and Clean Water Act), and two...
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The relationships of forest and watershed characteristics to soil water retention, storm, runoff, erosion, and wave attenuation in vietnam
... appropriated mangrove band width With the assumption that the average maximum wave height is 300cm and safe wave height behind forest band is 30cm, required mangrove forest band width in associated ... sensing and GIS to generate an accurate and inexpensive erosion risk map in Turkey Wang et al (2003) estimated soil loss by integrating a sample ground data set, TM images, and a slope map and showed ... and root diameter, shore slope) and spectral characteristics of incident waves (Massel et al., 1999; Alongi, 2008) The dissipation of wave energy inside mangrove forests is mostly caused by wave- trunk...
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Water harvesting and soil moisture retention - chapter 1,2 pot
... Netherlands ISBN: 90 77073 40 X NUGI: 835 Foreword The Agrodok series has lacked a booklet describing how water available from rainfall and run-off, i.e from smaller sources than rivers and ground ... infiltration and water storage Cover crops Mulching Tillage Minimum-tillage and zero-tillage 70 70 72 74 76 Reducing evaporation losses and optimizing the use of soil moisture 77 Windbreaks 77 Dry and ... techniques for water collection make use of large water sources such as rivers and ground water (eg wells and irrigation systems), and require large-scale investments But in many countries in the world...
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Water harvesting and soil moisture retention - chapter 3,4 ppsx
... sizes For example the sandy loam soil of Table consists of an equal mixture of sand and silt particles Table 1: Typical infiltration rates (Brouwer et al, 1986) Soil type sand sandy loam loam clay ... withstand moisture stress There is little information available on the response of trees, in terms of yield, to moisture deficits Rangeland and fodder The water requirements for rangeland and fodder ... large cracks when dry, and the aggregates (lumps) can be pulled out by hand These types of soils have a fine texture (clay particles) and a coarse, compound structure The size and distribution of...
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Water harvesting and soil moisture retention - chapter 5,6 potx
... rooting depth Size and layout Dimensions of the planting pits vary according to the type of soil in which they are dug Usually they are between and 15 cm deep, and between 10 and 30 cm in diameter ... keep rainfall and runoff in the mini-basin Runoff water is channelled to the lowest point and stored in an infiltration pit The structures are easily constructed by hand Figures 20 and 21 provide ... 20: Closed micro-catchment on sloping land Figure 21: Closed micro-catchment on flat land Conditions Rainfall: 52 150 mm per year and above Water harvesting and soil moisture retention Soil: Slope:...
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Water harvesting and soil moisture retention - chapter 7,8 pptx
... beds 68 Water harvesting and soil moisture retention Figure 30 shows a narrow bed and furrow and two variations of a broad-bed and furrow It is clear that the broad-bed and furrow system makes ... periods will come at different times Combinations of grasses and legumes are common, as well as of cereals and creeping legumes, e.g millet and groundnuts (Figure 28) An advantage of many legumes is ... periodically The strips with arable crops and those with grasses or cover crops can be rotated to maintain fertility of the soil and to combat pests and weeds 7.3 Ridging and tied-ridging Ridging is done...
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Water harvesting and soil moisture retention - chapter 9 pps
... soil erosion is higher on land left fallow, especially on sloping land and where rainfall is heavy It is therefore advisable to mulch land left fallow 80 Water harvesting and soil moisture retention ... short and long-growth cycle crops and fallow periods Nitrogen-fixing leguminous shrubs (e.g Stylosanthes), and trees like Acacia senegal (gum arabic) are sometimes used to improve fallow land, ... growth rates, fewer losses due to diseases, insects, and weeds, and more efficient use of water, light and nutrients Reducing evaporation losses and optimizing the use of soil moisture 81 ? Lower...
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Báo cáo lâm nghiệp: "Effect of single Quercus ilex trees upon spatial and seasonal changes in soil water content in dehesas of central western Spain" potx
... comprise gravels and stones including clasts of quartzite These strata typically contain one or more red argic horizons with a silty to sandy texture in the surface horizon and a sandier layer below ... Walkley and Black method, using samples for all distances, but grouping them every 40 cm, below m depth A total of 237 determinations were made Texture (sand, silt and clay contents) and retention ... predawn and midday water potentials were measured in Q ilex trees during the summer of 2002 and 2003 by means of the Scholander pressure chamber In 2002, measurements were conducted at the CL and...
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Báo cáo lâm nghiệp: "Evapotranspiration of a declining Quercus robur (L.) stand from 1999 to 2001. II. Daily actual evapotranspiration and soil water reserve" potx
... area expansion and leaf fall, daily transpiration was calculated with an equation based on daily PET and on a relative LAI (LAIi/LAImax), with i standing for the day and LAImax standing for the ... floor development and transpiration different among plots 3.4 Water use in each plot: T and ET T and ET in each plot, for each year and each canopy layer are summarised in Table IV Stand transpiration ... varied between 18.2 and 27.7% in the thinned plot and between 22.3 and 43.4% in the control plot In the thinned plot, In% during winter 2000–2001 is similar between leafy and non-leafy periods,...
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Báo cáo lâm nghiệp:" Comparison of soil water-contents as measured with a neutron probe and time domain reflectometry in a " ppsx
... and depth (0–20, 20–40, 40–60 and 60–80 cm); (b) Probe type and range of soil moisture (0.08– 0.14, 0.14–0.21, 0.21–0.28 and 0.28–0.35 cm3 cm–3); (c) Probe type and period (wetting, drying, and ... 0.14–0.21; 0.21–0.28 and 0.28– 0.35 cm3 cm–3) and, finally, considering different periods (wetting, steady-state, and drying) Tukey tests, with the Newman-Keuls’ method, were used for multiple comparisons ... temperature-dependent, ranges from 74 to 84 and is about 20fold higher than that of mineral solids (between and 5), and about 80-fold higher than that of air (1.0005 at 20 ºC and 105 Pa) This large difference...
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Báo cáo lâm nghiệp: "Within-crown variation in leaf conductance of Norway spruce: effects of irradiance, vapour pressure deficit, leaf water status and plant hydraulic constraints" ppt
... conductance and plant carbon gain [12] However, Niinemets [28] recently analyzed a huge amount of data on Picea abies (L.) Karst and Pinus sylvestris L., covering 126 stands of various height and age, and ... variable for understanding water and gas exchange Table I Meteorological data on the study periods in 1997 and 2000 from Jõgeva Meteorological Station of the Estonian Meteorological and Hydrological ... °C and +17.3 °C The annual sum of the global shortwave radiation averages 3518 MJ·m–2, and the annual radiation budget, 2552 MJ·m–2 [35] Main meteorological data on the study periods in 1997 and...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "Comparative studies of the water relations and the hydraulic characteristics in Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus and A. opalus trees under soil water contrasted conditions Damien Lemoinea, Jean-Paul Peltierb and Gérard" pdf
... those of F excelsior (figure 3A and D), the major differences occurring for low ψ values (ψcav at –1.0 and –1.5 MPa and ψ100 at –1.8 and –4.2 MPa for A pseudoplatanus and F excelsior respectively) ... F excelsior, A pseudoplatanus and A opalus trees 2.2 Water potential, transpiration and stomatal conductance Leaf water potential (ψw), stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration (E) were monitored ... and figures Leaf water potentials were assessed by a Scholander pressure chamber [15] Predawn leaf water potential (ψwp), was measured at sunrise (4h00 solar time; GMT) Stomatal conductance and...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "The influences of age, extractive content and soil water on wood color in oak: the possible genetic determination of wood color" pptx
... color and some environmental, individual tree and chemical factors influencing it in oak (Quercus petraea and Quercus robur) are reported here MATERIALS AND METHODS sampled at 2.8 m above the ground ... HUNTERLAB simulating the CIE standard illuminant A (corresponding to incandescent light) and an observation angle of 10° The color is represented by the values L*; a*, b*, C* and h* (fig 2) Wood Extractions ... solution; twice for hour’s duration and the last time for 15 h Total phenol content was estimated using the Folin-Ciocalteu method (Singleton and Rossi 1965) and expressed in mg of gallic acid...
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CYANIDE in WATER and SOIL: Chemistry, Risk, and Management - Chapter 1 ppt
... chemistry of cyanide is both complex and diverse, and there are many different chemical forms of cyanide, including solid, gaseous, and aqueous species, and both inorganic and organic species The particular ... engineering and research projects that we have performed related to industrial and municipal wastewater treatment, groundwater treatment, industrial waste management, site remediation and restoration, and ... subsurface waters; water and wastewater treatment; in situ and ex situ soil treatment; hazardous waste site remediation; abandoned mine drainage remediation; and river and watershed restoration...
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CYANIDE in WATER and SOIL: Chemistry, Risk, and Management - Chapter 2 pdf
... Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2(s), … FIGURE 2.1 Forms and species of cyanide in water and soil and metal–cyanate complexes, and cyanogen halides Aqueous free cyanide is the sum of hydrogen cyanide, HCN, and its deprotonated ... commercial and medicinal uses (Chapter 4) 2.4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS • Cyanide is present in gas, liquid, and solid forms in water and soil systems • Many different species of cyanide occur in water and ... chloride and cyanogen bromide are disinfection by-products formed in water and wastewater treatment [5,6] HCN is present in wastewater discharges and leachates from certain industrial waste sites, and...
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CYANIDE in WATER and SOIL: Chemistry, Risk, and Management - Chapter 4 pdf
... synthetic fibers and plastics, agricultural herbicides, fumigants and insecticides, dyes and pigments, animal feed supplements, chelating agents for water treatment, and specialty chemicals and pharmaceuticals ... bed in a fluohmic furnace By-product 1100 1100 1350–1650 400–510 NH3 , air, and CH4 NH3 and CH4 NH3 and C3 H8 NH3 , air, and C3 H6 Source: Data from Pesce, L.D., Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical ... process and dominated production through 1960 for both potassium and sodium cyanide For the production of sodium cyanide, the Castner process employs elemental sodium and a reaction with ammonia and...
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