recovery reserves production and consumption
Energy in the 21st century
Ngày tải lên :
07/06/2016, 11:24
... Gas 3.1 Geology of Oil and Gas Reservoirs 3.2 Origin of Oil and Gas 3.3 Oil and Gas Reservoirs and Reserves 3.4 Classification of Oil and Gas 3.5 Shale Oil, Tar Sands and Extra Heavy Oil 3.6 ... Distribution of Oil and Gas 3.8 Activities 46 48 51 54 59 61 63 66 67 xi xii Energy in the 21st Century Peak Oil 4.1 Oil and Gas Production 4.2 Global Oil and Gas Production and Consumption 4.3 The ... in Central and South America and the Middle East led to decreased United States production Production in the United States peaked in 1970 and has since been declining However, oil demand in the...
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Tài liệu Renewable Energy Technology , and Environment Economics doc
Ngày tải lên :
17/02/2014, 20:20
... result from secondary and possibly from primary energy carriers, or energies, minus conversion and distribution losses, selfconsumption of the conversion system and non-energetic consumption They ... approximately % for Africa and about 32% for Asia and the Pacific region (primarily Australia and New Zealand) North America, Europe and Eurasia as well as Asia and the Pacific region consume about 90 ... characterised by heat demand for domestic hot water and space heating (SFH and MFH) or the corresponding total heat demand (DH) The analysed single-family-houses represent the heat demand of a low-energy...
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Biomass for renewable energy, fuels and chemicals
Ngày tải lên :
16/03/2014, 18:10
... suitable for grazing and browsing Other land areas include crop and pasture land and farmsteads, strip mines, permanent ice and snow, and land that does not fit any other land cover This a p p ... Temperate grassland 9.0 2.70 2.43 7.2 6.5 Woodland and shrubland 8.5 3.15 2.68 27.0 23.0 Tundra and alpine 8.0 0.63 0.50 2.7 2.2 Swamp and marsh 2.0 13.50 2.70 67.5 14.0 Lake and stream Total ... 106 Percent Nonfederal land Forest Rangeland Other land Transition land Total 179.41 178.66 279.09 14.41 651.57 18.8 18.7 29.2 1.5 68.2 Federal land Forest Rangeland Other land Total 102.14 133.10...
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Renewable Energy Trends and Applications Part 2 docx
Ngày tải lên :
19/06/2014, 08:20
... On the one hand, this suggests that the additional consumption of energy stems from activities other than production, such as leisure activities On the other hand, this additional consumption ... renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC Fang, W-S & Miller, S M (2008) The Great Moderation and the Relationship between Output Growth and its Volatility ... and Applications Wolde-Rufael, Y (2009) Energy consumption and economic growth: the experience of African countries revisited Energy Economics, 31, pp 217-24 Yoo, S-H (2006) Oil Consumption and...
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Renewable Energy Trends and Applications Part 4 pdf
Ngày tải lên :
19/06/2014, 08:20
... trees, grasses, and sugarcane, sorghum and oil crops In addition, biofuel co -production is also part of energy crop category Biofuel-co -production is a pre-planned multi-output production including ... public awareness and promotion programs that depend mainly on market surveys and studies and concentrate on media in particular television programmes and newspapers Allowing systems and spare parts ... lowering of technology prices on the one hand and to improvement in their efficiency on the other hand In the future, it is anticipated that renewable energy and its different energy conversion technologies...
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Renewable Energy Trends and Applications Part 13 potx
Ngày tải lên :
19/06/2014, 08:20
... 1) (19) where c1 and c2 are acceleration constants and r1 and r2 are random real numbers drawn from [0,1] Thus the particle flies trough potential solutions toward Pi (t ) and G(t ) in a navigated ... increasing energy demand and environmental concerns aroused considerable interest in hybrid renewable energy systems and its subsequent development The generation of both wind power and solar power ... out the fluctuation of wind and solar power and improve the load availability [Borowy et al., 1996] When the power generated by WGs and PVs are greater than the load demand, the surplus power will...
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Biofuels, Solar and Wind as Renewable Energy Systems_Benefits and Risks Episode 2 Part 11 doc
Ngày tải lên :
06/08/2014, 04:20
... of solar radiation, and is also a little more than a thousandth part of the power density we are used to from oil and gas So ineffective is 2.9 kW/ha, that about million of land would have to be ... land b) The calorific value of the ‘useful’ ethanol produced each year per hectare of land, that is after subtracting the portion of ethanol that is needed for input into the agricultural and production ... the production and price of oil produced from algae were true, U.S annual oil needs could theoretically be met, but only if 100% of all U.S land were in algal culture! Despite all the claims and...
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Biofuels, Solar and Wind as Renewable Energy Systems_Benefits and Risks Episode 1 Part 1 ppt
Ngày tải lên :
06/08/2014, 04:20
... refining, and butanol production He holds several U.S and international patents, and works for a major oil company Robert is currently based in Scotland where he lives with his wife and three ... Bruno J.R Alves and Segundo Urquiaga 14 Ethanol Production: Energy and Economic Issues Related to U.S and Brazilian Sugarcane 357 David Pimentel and Tad W Patzek ... 153 Robert Rapier Complex Systems Thinking and Renewable Energy Systems 173 Mario Giampietro and Kozo Mayumi Sugarcane and Ethanol Production and Carbon Dioxide Balances 215 Marcelo...
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Biofuels, Solar and Wind as Renewable Energy Systems_Benefits and Risks Episode 1 Part 2 pps
Ngày tải lên :
06/08/2014, 04:20
... With the world and US populations expected to double in the next 58 and 70 years, respectively, all the available cropland and forestland will be required to provide vital food and forest products ... land, water, and biological resources To ensure a reasonable standard of living in the future, there must be a fair balance between human population density and use of energy, land, water, and ... achieve the production of this much ethanol would mean displacing about 100 million cattle, million sheep, and million horses now grazing on 324 million of U.S grassland and rangeland (USDA 2004,...
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Biofuels, Solar and Wind as Renewable Energy Systems_Benefits and Risks Episode 1 Part 3 pot
Ngày tải lên :
06/08/2014, 04:20
... Valueb gCm−2 yr−1 Swamp and marsh Algal bed and reef Tropical forest Estuary Temperate forest Boreal forest Savanna Cultivated land Woodland and shrubland Grassland Lake and stream Upwelling zone ... (Mokany et al., 2006) d Lands with a mosaic of croplands, forests, shrublands and grasslands in which no one component covers more than 60% of the landscape e Herbaceous and other understory systems ... 2.3 Since the spatial set of land-cover classes cannot be easily mapped onto the administrative set of USDA classes of cropland, woodland, pastureland/rangeland, and forests, Hurtt et al (2001)...
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Biofuels, Solar and Wind as Renewable Energy Systems_Benefits and Risks Episode 1 Part 4 pot
Ngày tải lên :
06/08/2014, 04:20
... helps policy makers and decision makers understand the production characteristics of corn and alternative ethanol production and the effects of both external and internal production factors in ... to expand the nation’s land in production There are two sources: existing pasture land and land currently enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) In both instances, long term land use ... natural gas, and propane for drying grain So the same high oil prices boosting ethanol demand, and consequently, the demand and price received by farmers for A Review of the Economic Rewards and Risks...
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Biofuels, Solar and Wind as Renewable Energy Systems_Benefits and Risks Episode 1 Part 5 potx
Ngày tải lên :
06/08/2014, 04:20
... Pimentel, D & Patzek, T (2005) Ethanol production using corn, switchgrass, and wood and biodiesel production using soybean and sunflower Natural Resources and Research, 14(1), 65–76 Planet Ark ... slowly over time Production equipment for ethanol (and biodiesel) is classified as waste reduction and resource recovery plant (Class 49.5) under the Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System (MACRS).16 ... (2001) The effects of expanding ethanol markets on ethanol production, feed markets, and the Iowa economy Staff Paper #342 Prepared for the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship GAO...
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Biofuels, Solar and Wind as Renewable Energy Systems_Benefits and Risks Episode 1 Part 6 potx
Ngày tải lên :
06/08/2014, 04:20
... colleagues and friends including Andrea Bassi, John Gowdy, Andy Groat, Jean Laherrere and Kent Klitgaard, and many others who have helped us to try to understand these issues Art Smith and Lysle ... economic impact, and probably prices, the most important issue is almost certainly the ratio between the production rate and its increase or decrease, and the consumption rate and its increase ... Herendeen and Bullard 1975, Hannon 1981, Kummel 1982, Kummel 1989, Jorgenson 1984 and 1988, Hall 1991, Hall et al 1986 (and others), Cleveland 1991, Dung 1992, Ayers 1996, Cleveland and Ruth 1997,...
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Biofuels, Solar and Wind as Renewable Energy Systems_Benefits and Risks Episode 1 Part 7 pdf
Ngày tải lên :
06/08/2014, 04:20
... is the amount of land that the wind turbines are actually taking up, that is the land taken up by the concrete bases of the turbines and 136 A.R.B Ferguson transmission lines, and to provide access ... then wind turbines and the plant operating in harness with them can be set the task of providing a baseload up to the level of low demand Low demand is about 60% of mean demand Thus wind output ... peak demand tends to be later than midday, and it is likely to become even later as better insulated houses are built, nevertheless demand at midday will be well above the minimum demand, so...
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Biofuels, Solar and Wind as Renewable Energy Systems_Benefits and Risks Episode 1 Part 8 pdf
Ngày tải lên :
06/08/2014, 04:20
... (Kalam and Masjuki 2002) Palm oil presents an excellent case illustrating both the promise and the peril of biofuels Driven by demand from the U.S and the European Union (EU) due to mandated ... Status and Research Priorities, ASAE Trans., 29(5), 1413–1422 Pimentel, D & Patzek, T.W (2005) Ethanol Production Using Corn, Switchgrass and Wood; Biodiesel Production Using Soybean and Sunflower ... animal agriculture The production of meat is a highly inefficient process The production of beef requires relatively large inputs of water, grain, forage, and fossil fuels Production of kilocalorie...
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Biofuels, Solar and Wind as Renewable Energy Systems_Benefits and Risks Episode 1 Part 9 pps
Ngày tải lên :
06/08/2014, 04:20
... in a profile of different tasks and activities which have to cover both: (i) the step of production of goods and services; and (ii) the step of consumption of goods and services For example, more ... 890–897 Cleveland, C.J., Hall, C.A.S., and Herendeen, R.A 2006 Letters – energy returns on ethanol production Science 312, 1746 Cleveland, C.J., Kaufmann, R., and Stern, S.I 2000 Aggregation and the ... (MSIASM) – In: F Barbir and S Ulgiati (editors) Sustainable Energy Production and Consumption and Environmental Costing – NATO Advanced Research Workshop – NATO Science for Peace and Security Series:...
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Biofuels, Solar and Wind as Renewable Energy Systems_Benefits and Risks Episode 1 Part 10 pot
Ngày tải lên :
06/08/2014, 04:20
... 80 Dias de Oliveira et al (2005) West and Marland (2002) Based on Dondero and Goldemberg (2005) and considering US$= reais Sugarcane and Ethanol Production and Carbon Dioxide Balances 219 advantage ... – Brasil Pimentel and Pimentel – 1996 Based on Pimentel and Pimentel – 1996 West and Marland (2002) ␣ values correspondent to oil consumption of all agricultural activities and transport of sugarcane ... (Rosa and Ribeiro, 1998) Numerous articles advocate for an increase in biofuels production and consumption as an environmentally friendly option (Macedo, 1998; Moreira and Goldemberg, 1999 and...
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Biofuels, Solar and Wind as Renewable Energy Systems_Benefits and Risks Episode 2 Part 1 pot
Ngày tải lên :
06/08/2014, 04:20
... Boundaries and Parameters 257 Pimentel, D & Patzek, T (2005) Ethanol production using corn, switchgrass, and wood and biodiesel production using soybean and sunflower Natural Resources and Research, ... of imprecision and uncertainty arise from non-random (determinate) and random (indeterminate) errors resulting from method, measurement, estimation, and/ or model decisions Non-random errors can ... Authorities and the media present physical growth as an economic and social need, but consumption and its growth ultimately cause declining availability and increasing price of fuels and energy...
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Biofuels, Solar and Wind as Renewable Energy Systems_Benefits and Risks Episode 2 Part 2 ppsx
Ngày tải lên :
06/08/2014, 04:20
... of drought and flood, and possible increased frequency and severity of hurricanes Flooding in central England during summer 2007 and record-breaking floods in parts of India during 2006 and 2007 ... geothermally heated greenhouses in Iceland for production of fruit, 272 E Kessler flowers, and vegetables However, expansion of greenhouse production in Iceland is inhibited by low levels of natural ... Certainly, the price of corn and other feeds is being increased by increased demand for corn and by planting to corn of land formerly used to grow other feeds Between 1980 and 2006, the price of U.S...
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Biofuels, Solar and Wind as Renewable Energy Systems_Benefits and Risks Episode 2 Part 3 pot
Ngày tải lên :
06/08/2014, 04:20
... on contributions from the already rich and powerful, and insufficiently responsive to conditions and findings from advanced and still burgeoning science and technology Overall, the situation is ... increases in the price of corn and other human foods and livestock feeds, losses of already diminished habitat including tropical rainforests and wildlife, and losses of topsoil and increased stress on ... quality, and other inputs and impacts such as land, water, labor, and environmental health (Pimentel et al 2002, Hill et al 2006) When faced with these choices, energy policymakers in business and...
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