... a large and looming imbalance between supplyanddemand
arising from the short-term administrative measures taken to control enrolment
in teaching training, and a collapse in the willingness ... tracing their relationship to demand- and supply- side research
and interventions over time since 1994. In order to do this, it is necessary to understand
the way in which demandandsupply ... unfolding debate and situating them within overall trendsin research,
policy and practice since 1994.
This monograph first examines conceptual approaches to teacher supplyand demand,
and then...
... of “narrow banking”. Total lending and corporate lending by savings banks
in Germany kept increasing even after the beginning of the financial crisis in 2007, however
1
Accordingly, a substantial ... lending more relative to non-affected banks. We
are able to distinguish between demandandsupply effects. While we find an overall decrease in
demand for consumer loans after the beginning ... the Financial Crisis
The main objective in this paper is to separate supplyanddemand effects of the financial crisis
on consumer lending. So far we have analyzed the supply effects, and we...
... probability of not getting a job
after completing their education training. With the diminishing intake of new recruits into
tertiary institution, lack of faith and interest in teaching as career, ... threat to educator demandand supply, so it
is important to put in place an administrative planning process that controls educator
training capacity and to provide knowledge and information to ... behavioural and biological indicators (HIV testing) within the same study
(Shisana et al. 2005, sampling and procedure in Appendix 1).
1.3 Conceptual model: demand for andsupply of educators
Assessing...
... the delinquency variable is
intended to capture the incidence of “soft lending” and/ or distorted incentives in lending:
whether and how a history of financial indiscipline by the firms in their ... credit
supply and credit demand equations.
The prior is that the policy shock affected the underlying structural relations governing
the supply of anddemand for bank credit. Accordingly, ... separately the determinants
of corporate credit from the viewpoint of lenders and borrowers. The suggested credit supply
and demand equations are based on findings in the recent theoretical literature...
... expanding during this period. As more and
more MFIs and Banks were joining the credit bureau, the information thickened and the
number of reported loans increased without implying an actual increase ... behavior and
outstanding debts. In so doing, privately held information about reputation and indebtedness
has been made public, leading to sharp changes in credit market equilibria and potential ... similar and not reported here.
2
reputation and dynamic incentives. Rising competition among lenders without information
sharing, however, increasingly undermined the power of dynamic incentives,...
...
Trends in the Fees and Expenses of Mutual
Funds, 2010
KEY FINDINGS
»
On average, fees and expenses incurred by investors in long-term mutual funds
declined in 2010. Stock fund investors in ... underlying funds in which it invests, fell
1 basis point to 90 basis points. Since 2005, the average expense ratio for investing
in funds of funds has fallen 11 basis points, in part reflecting ... for
investing in bond funds declined by 1 basis point in 2010, to
72 basis points (Figure 2). This reflects a 1 basis-point drop
in the annualized cost of load fee payments and no change
in...
...
Although growing investor demand for index funds has
contributed to the overall decline in fund expense ratios,
the average expense ratios incurred by investors in both
index and actively ... 88 basis points in 1990 to 62 basis points
in 2011.
2
Expenses incurred by investors in money market
funds dropped 61 percent, from 54 basis points in 1990 to
21 basis points in 2011.
3, ... expense ratios in 2011 and is fixed across time.
Sources: Investment Company Institute and Lipper
Furthermore, investor demand for index funds is
disproportionately concentrated in the very lowest...
... regulators are in the process of stepping up their
monitoring of the ETF market. Work is underway nationally and internationally on assessing
how recent innovations in this area can add to financial ... regions and markets is also being examined. Imposing higher disclosure and reporting
requirements as well as regulatory and other limits could help to alleviate the risks emerging
in complex instruments, ... liquidity demand from ETF investors, the
provider might face difficulties liquidating the collateral and may be faced with the difficult
choice of either suspending redemptions or maintaining them and...
... play an increasingly important role
in the survey as a means of enhancing topic coverage in the Core section. The unintended result was an increasingly
unwieldy survey instrument and longer interviewing ... attacks of
inflammation and narrowing of the small airways in response to asthma triggers. Over the past two decades, the burden
of asthma in the United States has increased. However, within the ... mortality and hospitalizations due to
asthma have decreased and asthma prevalence has stabilized, possibly indicating a higher level of disease management.
The following report delineates information...
... Ryerson Limited
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Shifts inDemand
Shifts inDemand
Versus Movements
Versus Movements
Along a Demand Curve
Along a Demand Curve
◆
A movement along a demand curve is
the graphical representation ... Limited
"
Excess Supplyand
Excess Supplyand
Excess Demand
Excess Demand
◆
Excess supply –if quantity supplied is
greater than quantity demanded, prices
tend to fall.
◆
Excess demand – prices tend ... McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited
$$
Shifts inDemand
Shifts inDemand
Versus Movements
Versus Movements
Along a Demand Curve
Along a Demand Curve
◆
Demand refers to a schedule of
quantities...