project life cycle costing pdf
Tài liệu Aging Aircraft - USAF Workload and Material Consumption Life Cycle Patterns pdf
Ngày tải lên :
17/02/2014, 11:20
... Calendar and Organizational Effects 25
Budgeting for Modification Life- Cycle Patterns 26
Chapter Three
A BROADER PERSPECTIVE: LIFE CYCLE PATTERNS,
NOT INEXORABLE GROWTH 27
Summary of This Chapter ... compo-
nents are replaced.
An engine’s service life between overhauls is shorter than an air-
craft’s design service life (e.g., 6,000 tactical cycles, or about 2,400
flying hours, versus 8,000 ... long-term age-related
growth from other life- cycle events that may obscure or exaggerate
measured workload growth. For example, during a platform’s early
life, “infantile” failures caused by design...
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DETERMINANTS OF CREDIT TO HOUSEHOLDS IN A LIFE-CYCLE MODEL pdf
Ngày tải lên :
29/03/2014, 06:21
... life- cycle profile of income (Lawrance, 1995; Ludvigson,
1999; Athreya, 2002; Chatterjee et al., 2007; Livshits et al., 2007).
Our aim is to contribute to the above literature by proposing a life- cycle ... with respect to their life- time resources. Higher θ means that uncertain income
from labor is exchanged for certain income from pensions and thereby the variability
of the life- cycle income profile ... distribution in life- cycle economies. Journal of Monetary
Economics 38 (3), 469–494.
Iacoviello, M., 2005. House prices, borrowing constraints, and monetary policy in the
business cycle. American...
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Environmental Life Cycle Costing - Chapter 1 doc
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 22:20
... conventional, environmental, and societal life cycle costing for an idealized w
ashing machine case
Type of life
cycle costing
Life cycle costs (€ per unit)
a
Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA; per ... Summary
Environmental Life Cycle Costing
Environmental life cycle costing (LCC) summarizes all costs associated with
the life cycle of a product that are directly covered by 1 or more of the actors in
that life ... Perspectives (below).
1.3.2 LIFE CYCLE COSTING PLANNING VERSUS LIFE CYCLE COSTING ANALYSIS
The LCC process should also be differentiated with respect to when in the life cycle
it is carried out...
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Environmental Life Cycle Costing - Chapter 2 doc
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 22:20
... Modeling for Life Cycle Costing 27
Case Study Box 3: Perspectives
Starting from the complete life cycle cost result for the idealized washing machine,
this case study box illustrates life cycle costs ... 30 Environmental Life Cycle Costing
of life cycle costing, several approaches for overcoming the “condentiality issue”
have been ... and upstream costs are related to the life cycle of the
product: “upstream” means earlier in the life cycle, whereas “downstream” means
later in the life cycle, relative to some reference activity....
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Environmental Life Cycle Costing - Chapter 3 potx
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 22:20
... Chemistry (SETAC)
Environmental Life Cycle Costing 47
Case Study Box 6: Calculation of Life Cycle Costs
This case study box demonstrates how the environmental life cycle costs for the
idealized ... Societal LCC
Life cycle
stage
Cost
(€ per
unit)
Principal
impact
categories
Impact
(per
unit)
Life cycle
stage
Cost
(€ per
unit)
Principal
impact
categories
Impact
(per unit)
Life cycle
stage
Cost
(€ ... compared.
3.2.2 PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE FROM ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL PERSPECTIVES
As explained in Chapter 1, the term life cycle has to be seen analogously to the
physical life cycle for a functional...
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Environmental Life Cycle Costing - Chapter 4 docx
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 22:20
... listed in
Table 4.4 and life cycle inventory underlying LCIA in Table 0.1.
â 2008 by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC)
72 Environmental Life Cycle Costing
products is ... Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC)
Integrating External Effects into Life Cycle Costing 67
Damage costs have been evaluated in the ExternE Project of the European Union
(Bickel and Friedrich 2005; EU ... costs of main emissions related to the life cycle
of the idealized washing machine. The sum of these damage costs represents
the difference between the life cycle costs calculated for the environmental...
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Environmental Life Cycle Costing - Chapter 5 doc
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 22:20
... Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC)
77
5
Life Cycle Costing in
Life Cycle Management
Thomas Swarr and David Hunkeler
Summary
The integration of life cycle costing into existing management practices ... clearly independent concepts, can also serve as a basis to distinguish life
cycle costing from these concepts. Life cycle costing does not replace any other cost-
ing approach in business and ... This would,
â 2008 by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC)
Life Cycle Costing in Life Cycle Management 87
During conceptual design, the team assesses the strategic t of...
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Environmental Life Cycle Costing - Chapter 6 pptx
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 22:20
... static life cycle. These were set to a life cycle duration of 0
years in Figure 6.5; the longest life cycle spans 90 years (a building).**
* The SETAC-Europe Working Group on Life Cycle Costing ... (SETAC)
A Survey of Current Life Cycle Costing Studies 105
6.5.5.3 Duration of Life Cycle Considered and
Duration of Study by the Type of LCC
The duration of a life cycle, as considered in the ... do so), hence assuming a static, steady-state life
cycle. Conventional LCC studies do not assume a stationary life cycle; in addition,
the life cycle duration typically is longer (Figure 6.17)....
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Environmental Life Cycle Costing - Chapter 7 doc
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 22:20
...
7.1
7.2
7.3
Annual life cycle costs
Environmental evaluation
(VCD)
Opel Corsa 1.0 Twinport Fiat Punto 1.2 8V Citroen C2 1.1
116 Environmental Life Cycle Costing
TABLE 7.2
Summary of life cycle costing ... that life
cycle costing, if based on the life cycle inventory of an LCA, is an easy-to-apply and
efcient approach for assessing the economic dimension of sustainability. From a
life cycle ... Chemistry (SETAC)
Life Cycle Costing Case Studies 147
Analyzing the life cycle costs, the main cost driver in all cases is the acquisi-
tion, comprising some 40% of the total life cycle costs. The...
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Environmental Life Cycle Costing - Chapter 8 pot
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 22:20
... THREE TYPES OF LIFE CYCLE COSTING
A survey, carried out at the outset of the deliberations of the SETAC-Europe Working
Group on Life Cycle Costing, identied 3 types of life cycle costing. The ... “societal LCC.”
This book is focused on and hence titled Environmental Life Cycle Costing as
this type of LCC presents a new life cycle costing methodology that is consistent
with LCA and suitable as ... Environmental Life Cycle Costing
In comparison to LCA, conventional LCC is easier to perform since data are
more readily available. They are less abstract because the calculated life cycle costs...
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Environmental Life Cycle Costing - Chapter 9 doc
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 22:20
... (Töpfer 2002). This initiative aims at a global promotion and use of life cycle
thinking, life cycle assessment (LCA), and life cycle management (LCM).
Acting sustainability will require its quantication, ... potential impacts throughout a products life cycle from
â 2008 by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC)
160 Environmental Life Cycle Costing
be used publicly has become ... quality-adjusted life years (QALY) as a main measure of human
â 2008 by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC)
157
9
Outlook
Role of Environmental
Life Cycle Costing in
Sustainability...
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Environmental Life Cycle Costing - Chapter 10 (end) ppt
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 22:20
... Journal of Life
Cycle Assessment, 6 (2), 118–120.
Norris, GA. 2006. Social impacts in product life cycles: towards life cycle attribute assess-
ment. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, ... 2003. Life cycle costing: paving the road to sustainable develop-
ment? International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 8 (2), 109–110.
Hunkeler, D, Rebitzer, G. 2005. The future of life cycle ... Journal
of Life Cycle Assessment, 7 (4), 203–218.
Schmidt, W-P. 2003. Life cycle costing as part of design for environment: environmental
business cases. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,...
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Environmental Life Cycle Costing - Chapter 1 ppt
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 22:20
... health. Worldwide, life expectancy has risen
to an average of 65 years and death rates have declined, especially among young
children. In the wealthiest developed countries, average life expectancy ... developing countries, life expectancy
jumped from 40 to 64 years (Figure 1.2). In Brazil, for example, between 1940 and
1980 mortality declined from 18 per 1000 to 6 per 1000 persons, and life expectancy
at ... Introduction 196
13.4.2 Properties 196
13.4.3 Uses 197
13.4.4 Environmental Contamination 197
13.4.4.1 Wildlife Exposure 197
13.4.4.2 Human Exposure 198
13.4.5 PCB Degradation 199
13.4.6 Metabolism 199
13.4.7...
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Environmental Life Cycle Costing - Chapter 2 docx
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 22:20
... advanced to explain the causes of
the observed increases. Major causes that were suggested include lifestyle, personal
habits, and diet. However, these hypotheses have overlooked the role of environ-
mental ... cadmium
(Cd). In addition to affecting human health directly, water pollution also threatens
aquatic life, particularly fish. For instance, in the early 1960s millions of fish in the
lower Mississippi ... increase
in the proportion of primary cancer of the liver.
11
2.3.2 Birth Defects
In a person’s life span, the period of greatest susceptibility to exogenous injury
is during the early stages...
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Environmental Life Cycle Costing - Chapter 3 docx
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 22:20
... (OECD/NEA), 20 radionu-
clides were released into the atmosphere. They included iodine-131 with a half -life
of 8 days; cesium-134 and cesium-137 with half-lives of two and 30 years, respec-
tively; and ... sources. Decomposition of organic matter containing proteins derived
from vegetation and animal life could contribute to odors in the air.
Odors from cooking foods such as fish, meat, and poultry ... reflected in retarded growth, increased susceptibility to other
environmental stresses, and shorter life spans. In humans, a prolonged exposure to
air pollutants such as NO
2
and O
3
, may...
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