... ProgrammingEmbeddedSystemsinCand C+ +
- 44 -
you should see is the C source code for main, with a cursor indicating that the embedded
processor's instruction pointer is at the entry point ... of blinking the LED simply changes its
state once, it could be that you forgot to wrap the calls to toggleLed and delay in an infinite
loop.
ProgrammingEmbeddedSystemsinCand C+ +
- ... from
occurring. So, all of these potential failure points and many others had to be eliminated by
ProgrammingEmbeddedSystemsinCand C+ +
- 3 -
Chapter 7. Peripherals 93
7.1 Control and...
... seriously. In some cases, two or more of the criteria are linked. For example,
increases in processing power could lead to increased production costs. Conversely, we might imagine that the same
increase ... for use in a line of business calculators produced by the Japanese company Busicom. In 1969, Busicom
asked Intel to design a set of custom integrated circuits-one for each of their new calculator ... users. In this chapter, I'll
explain what embeddedsystems are and where they are found. I will also introduce the subject of embedded
programming, explain why I have selected Cand C+ + as...
... device. Both of these
solutions work very well in practice.
6.3.2 Cyclic Redundancy Codes
A cyclic redundancy code (CRC) is a specific checksum algorithm that is designed to detect the most common ... off having some way to confirm that the device is working and that the data it contains
is valid. That's where checksums and cyclic redundancy codes come in.
6.3.1 Checksums
How can we tell ... device being verified. This makes insertion of the checksum easy-just compute the
checksum and insert it into the memory image prior to programming the memory device. When you recalculate the
checksum,...
... remainder;
}
} /* crcInit() */
Finally, we arrive at the actual workhorse routine, crcCompute. This is a routine that you can call over and over
from your application to compute and verify CRC checksums. ... checksums. An additional benefit of splitting the computation
between crcInit and crcCompute is that the crcInit function need not be executed on the embedded system. Instead,
this function can ... contained
within the 80188EB processor. I have chosen to implement this driver -and all of the remaining examples in the
book -in C+ +. Although C+ + offers no additional assistance over Cin accessing...
... the routines contextInit and os.readyList.insert. The contextInit routine establishes the initial
context for a task. This routine is necessarily processor-specific and, therefore, written in assembly ... system.
8.2.3 Context Switch
The actual process of changing from one task to another is called a context switch. Because contexts are processor-
specific, so is the code that implements the context switch. ... Priority p, int stackSize)
{
stackSize /= sizeof(int); // Convert bytes to words.
Application Programming Interfaces
One of the most annoying things about embedded operating systems is their lack of...
... constructor. This routine is responsible for initializing the three private data
members and configuring the requested data channel within the SCC hardware:
#include "scc.h"
static SCC scc;
/**********************************************************************
... execute during that interval. So we want and need a mechanism to protect critical sections
within tasks without disabling interrupts. And mutexes provide that mechanism.
Deadlock and Priority Inversion
Mutexes ... one simple embedded operating system. Its basic elements are
the scheduler and scheduling points, context switch routine, definition of a task, and a mechanism for intertask
communication. Every...
... of other communication
protocols.
Here's how the SCC class is actually defined:
#include "circbuf.h"
class SCC
{
public:
SCC();
void reset(int channel);
void init(int channel, ... course, not everything introduced in C+ + is expensive. Many older C+ + compilers incorporate a technology
called C- front that turns C+ + programs into Cand feeds the result into a standard C compiler. ... engineering practice dictates against the use of this
technique. But in a pinch, goto statements can be used to remove complicated control
structures or to share a block of oft repeated code.
In...
... debugging tools.
< BACK CONTINUE >
C
CISC
Complex Instruction Set Computer. Describes the architecture of a processor family. CISC processors generally
feature variable-length instructions and ... space can be
accessed only via special instructions. For example, processors in the 80x86 family have
special I/O space instructions called inand out. Contrast with memory space.
< BACK CONTINUE ... function calls, or software interrupts, and a periodic clock tick. The operating
system is responsible for deciding which task should be using the processor at a given time
and for controlling...
... channels.
Distinctive covers complement our distinctive approach to technical topics, breathing personality and life into
potentially dry subjects.
The insects on the cover of ProgrammingEmbeddedSystems ... Internet resources and brought them all together in one place.
Embedded Intel Architecture (http://www.intel.com/design/intarch/)
Intel's home page for their embedded processor line, including ... best maintained and it has links to many of the others.
CPU Info Center (http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/CIC/)
Tons of information about new and old processors alike. Includes a section specifically...
... points in time.
I/O Between Discrete-Time Systemsand Continuous-Time Systems
A class of I/O devices interfaces discrete-time embedded controllers with continuous plants by performing direct
conversions ... placement design method
Using the Linear Quadratic Regulator and Kalman Filter optimal design methods
Implementing and testing discrete-time floating-point and fixed-point controllers inCand C+ +
Adding ... understanding the input and results of each technique, without requiring a deep understanding of the
mathematical basis for the method.
As the applications of embedded computing expand, an increasing...
... .NET, and click New Project. Then type in a name and
location for your project (Figure 1.2).
Select the Visual Basic Windows application or Visual C# Windows
application, depending on which language ... Symmetric encryption 218
8.6.1 Using 3DES as symmetric encryption 218
8.7 Piracy protection 224
8.8 Conclusion 225
9 Controlling User Access: Authentication
and Authorization 227
9.1 Introduction ... 236
9.6 Certificates 236
9.7 Server certificates 238
9.8 Client certificates 239
9.8.1 Microsoft Certificate Services 240
9.8.2 Reading certificates 241
9.9 Permissions in .NET 244
9.10 Financial network...