... men, who
account for 60% oflungcancer cases. In women, lungcancer is the second
most common cause ofcancer death after breast cancer.
Survival rates for lungcancer are very poor. In England, ...
NICE Guideline – lungcancer 4
Introduction
In England and Wales, nearly 29,000 deaths were attributed to lungcancer in
2002. Lungcancer is the most common cause ofcancer death for men, ... research is needed into whether the use of low-dose CT in
early diagnosis of patients at high risk of developing lungcancer
has an effect on the mortality oflung cancer. A randomised trial
should...
... P,
Warth A, Poustka A, Sültmann H, Hoffmann H: Global gene expression
analysis reveals specific patterns of cell junctions in non-small cell lung
cancer subtypes. LungCancer 2009, 63:32-8.
20. Kim ... Lee S: Clinical validity of the lungcancer biomarkers
identified by bioinformatics analysis of public expression data. Cancer
Res 2007, 67:7431-8.
21. Schwarte-Waldhoff I, Klein S, Blass-Kampmann ... metastasis
[23], and S100P maybeadiagnosticmarkerofnon-
small-cell lungcancer [30,31]. PLAU has also been
examined in relation to lungcancer prognosis [32]. The
set of 12 well-characteri zed cell lines...
... invasion oflungcancer cells. Moreover, miR-125a-
5p regulated the expression of several downstream genes of epidermal
growth factor receptor signaling. Importantly, examination oflung cancer
samples ... subset of
human lung cancers
To gain further insights into the role of miR-125a-5p
in lung carcinogenesis and to examine the clinical rele-
vance of our findings, we investigated the expression
of ... role in the etiology and progression of numerous
epithelial malignancies, including lungcancer [4].
Moreover, the function of EGFR mutations in survival
of lungcancer patients and clinical respones...
... study
is considerably larger (US miners: 198 lungcancer deaths out of a
total of 278 041 person-years; German miners: 61 lungcancer
deaths out of 152 557 person-years), and the US miners had ... Xuanwei, China (21), where
lung cancer rates are high because of unvented indoor burning of
coal for heating and cooking in homes (22). The effect of tobacco
on lungcancer risk in that study ... effect of the
interaction between cigarette smoking and diesel exhaust exposure
on lungcancer risk. If our observation of attenuation of the
smoking effect in the presence of high levels of diesel...
... history of Saethre- Chotzen syndrome
is especially interesting, both in terms of the
presentation of the patients and in terms of
Fig. 1. Drawing of a child (approximately 18 months of age) ...
lack of cartilaginous segmentation at the base of
A
B C
Fig. 4. Apert Syndrome. A Failure of cartilaginous segmentation of cervical vertebrae at 31 weeks
of gestation. B, C Failure of cartilaginous ... determining the expression pat-
terns of the IIIb and IIIc isoforms of each of these
receptors [42]. In many areas of the embryo the
IIIb and IIIc FGF receptor isoforms are associated
with epithelial...
... benefit. One of the challenges ofcancer
treatment is to use the various treatment modalities alone and together in a fashion
that maximizes the chances for patient benefit.
Cancer treatments ... attention to minimizing the toxicity of
potentially toxic treatments becomes a significant goal. Irrespective of the clinical
scenario, the guiding principle ofcancertreatment should be primum succerrere, ... this "organ-like" behavior of tumors may provide additional clues to
cancer control and treatment.
treatment has the potential to cause harm, and treatment may be given that
produces...
...
Principles ofCancer Surgery
Surgery is used in cancer prevention, diagnosis, staging, treatment (for both
localized and metastatic disease), palliation, and rehabilitation.
Prophylaxis
Cancer ...
in those with pancolonic involvement with ulcerative colitis), the presence of
Chapter 081. Principlesof
Cancer Treatment
(Part 2)
Figure 81-1
... incisional biopsy is the procedure of
second choice. A wedge of tissue is removed, and an effort is made to include the
majority of the cross-sectional diameter of the tumor in the biopsy to minimize...
... information for treatment planning and may determine the extent and nature of
primary cancer treatment.
Treatment
Surgery is the most effective means of treating cancer. Today about 40% of
cancer ... resection of certain tumors that would otherwise not be
possible.
Chapter 081. Principlesof
Cancer Treatment
(Part 3)
Staging
As noted in Chap. 77, an important component of patient ... including local control of tumor,
preservation of organ function, debulking that permits subsequent therapy to work
better, and staging information on extent of involvement. Cancer surgery aiming...
... Chapter 081. Principlesof
Cancer Treatment
(Part 4)
Palliation
Surgery is employed in a number of ways for supportive care: insertion of
central venous catheters, control of pleural and ... for recurrent pulmonary emboli, stabilization of cancer-
weakened weight-bearing bones, and control of hemorrhage, among others.
Surgical bypass of gastrointestinal, urinary tract, or biliary ... (Fig. 81-2). Plotting the fraction of surviving cells against doses of x-rays or
gamma radiation, the curve has a shoulder that reflects the cell's repair of sublethal
damage, followed by...
... dose in the target volume is often the cause of
complications to tissues in the transit volume, and the minimum dose in the target
Chapter 081. Principlesof
Cancer Treatment
(Part 5)
Although ... include the D
0
of
the tumor (the dose required to deliver an average of one lethal hit to all the cells
in a population), the D
q
of the tumor (the threshold dose—a measure of the cell's ... basis of the amount of radiation absorbed in
the patient; it is not based on the amount of radiation generated by the machine.
The rad (radiation absorbed dose) is defined as 100 erg of energy...
... breast cancer, Hodgkin's disease, head and neck cancer,
prostate cancer, and gynecologic cancers. Radiation therapy can also palliate
disease symptoms in a variety of settings: relief of bone ... dose of therapeutic radiation exists below which the
incidence of second cancers is decreased. High rates of second tumors occur in
people who receive as little as 1000 cGy.
Chapter 081. Principles ... Principlesof
Cancer Treatment
(Part 6)
Application to Patients
Teletherapy
Radiation therapy can be used alone or together with chemotherapy to
produce cure of localized tumors and control of...
... uncontrolled proliferation through the
Chapter 081. Principlesof
Cancer Treatment
(Part 7)
Karnofsky was among the first to champion the evaluation of a
chemotherapeutic agent's benefit by ... providing a basis for patients to make sensible
choices.
Cancer Drugs: Overview and Principles for Use
Cancer drug treatments are of four broad types. Conventional
chemotherapy agents were ... connotes disappearance of all
tumor; progression of disease signifies an increase in size of existing lesions by
>25% from baseline or best response or development of new lesions; and "stable"...