... temperatures on the structural propertiesofthefilms has been investigated, andthe optical propertiesofthefilms have also been analyzed Methods Synthesis ZnS films were deposited onto a Corning ... ofthefilms was investigated usingthe FESEM images as shown in Figure The morphology ofthefilms was found to be continuous and dense The average particle sizes varied in the range of 27.2 to ... orientation and are parallel tothe substrate surfaceThe smallest FWHM value of 0.141° has also been observed for these films, indicating that the crystallinity ofthefilms can be improved by increasing...
... surface, some of them are elastically scattered ofthesurface atoms, while the others enter the sample with energy loses along the way and are further scattered bythe atoms inside ofthe sample ... which gently touches thesurfaceand records the small force between the probe andthesurface is supported on a flexible cantilever Then, the force of interaction between the sample andthe tip after ... photocatalyst by suitably modifying the bandgap of these materials The photocatalytic process is initiated bythe absorption ofthe photon hv1 with energy equal to or greater than the band gap of TiO2...
... Eq.1.6 One way to define the occupied volume is to assume the volume occupied is that ofthe atoms andthe spaces between them in the crystalline state [7] Therefore, the free volume is the excess ... strain between the film and substrate hf: The thickness ofthe film hs: The thickness ofthe substrate w: The cantilever width L: The cantilever length r: The radius of curvature ofthe film-substrate ... configuration ofthe combinatorial sputtering system [197] andthe layout ofthe first set of nine samples on the substrate holder (b) A plane view ofthe samples on the substrate holder and schematic...
... energy that is required to emit the electron from its core level tothe vacuum level Therefore the kinetic energy ofthe photoelectron is equal tothe energy ofthe photon minus the binding energy: ... are used to study the composition and electronic state ofthesurface region of a sample XPS is based on the process of electron excitation by photon The energy of a photon is given bythe Einstein ... order to study magnetic and structural propertiesof FePt-Ag thin films, the first step is to fabricate the materials Characterization ofthethinfilms provided information about structural and...
... with the negative shift ofthe DOS core band) of Nb 3d and T 4f were assigned tothe enhancement ofthe resonance diffraction ofthe light due tothesurface bond contraction [20, 21, 22] The ... sites The other is that the crystal reconstruction due tothe coordination number imperfection ofsurface atoms (the surface relaxation) leads tothe re-contribution ofthe electronic structure The ... of film B due tothe structural reconstruction is 0.3 eV down Thus thesurface takes effect on the electronic core band primarily in the manner ofthe asymmetry of atomic sites The surface- and...
... separates the substrates each other andthe wall ofthe bath 25 ml of 1M CS(NH2)2 then is poured into the mixtures Finally, the distilled water is gradually added to make the volume up to 100 ml The ... with ml of 1M CdSO4 solution for h In this case, the slow deposition rate led tothe small uniform grain size and shape andthe good adhesion tothe substrate On thefilms deposited in the bath ... results can be useful forthe started point for synthesis and processing of multilayers films solar cells applications Further investigation to determine electrical propertiesofthefilms are in progress...
... the A-site [4, 5] andthe formation of a solid solution with Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 and BaTiO3 compositions [6] There are many reports on the reduction ofthe leakage current induced by doping andthe formation ... the number of coatings This phenomenon can probably be explained bythe fact that the diffusion of Pb from the PZT film into the Pt bottom electrode [9] andthe diffusion of Pb, Ti, Zr, Bi, and ... multilayer thinfilmsThe crystalline structure ofthe BFO/PZT multilayer films was analyzed by Xray diffraction [XRD], andsurfaceand cross-sectional morphologies ofthefilms were examined by scanning...
... originates from the tilt ofthe WO6 octahedral andthe other is the deviation of tungsten atom away from the center ofthe octahedron [51] These distortions, occurred as a consequence ofthe phase ... agglomerates in the form of WO3.nH2O are observed during the gelation of 11 peroxotugnstic acid solution and a series of organic acids, assisting in the gelation, need to be added into the solution ... This thesis aims to investigate TiO2 doped WO3 thinfilmsand their corresponding electrochromism properties as a candidate forapplication on “Smart Windows” The configuration ofthe entire thesis...
... quantification results of laboratory-scale and full-scale activated sludge bythe quantitative PCR methodandbythe FISH method, and their correlation The results from laboratory-scale activated ... copies of quantitative standard DNA The analysis was performed with the second derivative maximum methodbyusingthe LightCycler software 3.5 Quantification by FISH was performed with a Cy3-labeled ... values forthe DNA standards versus logarithm of their starting copy number was constructed A typical linear regression line is shown in Figure The averages of R2 value andthe slope ofthe calibration...
... dictated bythe stoichiometry ofthe system and pick out the distribution for which the total flux becomes a minimum The first part of this report briefly outlines the mathematical basis ofthemethodThe ... where the values of each ofthe target fluxes was normal, increased by a factor of or decreased by a factor of 0.5 For these 81 different combinations of target fluxes, the values of three representative ... into reversible and irreversible reactions on the sole basis of DG(0) can be problematic Instead, we will use the value ofthe equilibrium constant as a weighting factor forthe measure F of the...
... requests by other countries for France to reconsider its stated intension of restarting nuclear testing, andthe other concerns responses by other countries tothe France government's official ... stream ofthe thread and is likely to be continued The longest paths for nodes can be calculated by degree forthe node increases The contribution ofusingthe algorithm shown in Figure 11 Its comreference ... words forthe articles These words show new information in the article, and make it easy to understand t h e content ofthe articles If a word in an article appears in the differentia words for its...
... representatives for : one ( ) for unifying the representatives ofand , one ( ) for unifying the representatives ofand , and one ( ) for unifying the representatives ofand Notice that the set of representatives ... isomorphic in their structure tothe TFSs they represent The implementation of unification that we prefer to avoid resizing and referencing is to (1) find the least upper bound ofthe types ofthe frames ... type tothe least upper bound, and point the other's type representation to it, and (3) recurse on respective pairs of feature values The frame does not need to be resized, only the types need to...
... tags andthe lexical forms ofthe two words preceding w, which are given by HMMs; the POS tags andthe lexical forms ofthe two words following w; the lexical form of w andthe prefixes and suffixes ... andthe inflection forms ofthe two morphemes preceding µ; the POS tags andthe lexical forms ofthe two morphemes following µ; the lexical form andthe inflection form of µ The preceding morphemes ... becomes the next candidate for checking But if the example is classified as correct, the class ofthe classifier is returned as the answer forthe example The algorithm is shown in Figure The amount of...
... information Therefore, the global information is also used to detect the beginning ofthe clauses If the end of a clause is given, the bunsetsus tothe left ofthe clause should satisfy the two conditions ... hanashi-nandesu-kedo” are less likely to be the beginning ofthe inserted clause because in the three cases the bunsetsu tothe immediate left depends on the target bunsetsu On the other hand, the ... boundaries byusingthemethod (Shitaoka et al., 2004) and analyzed the dependency structure of each sentence bythemethod described in Section 3.1 without using information on quotations and inserted...
... into the pattern ofthe multicomponent mixture distillation and better understanding ofthe methods of design ofthe units used forthe separation of these mixtures As Chapter introduced, the ... ofthe feed components) As far as the aim of distillation is, more often, the separation ofthe mixture into pure components, we are mostly interested in the sharp splits The rest ofthe splits ... led, in its turn, to a revision ofthe general statements ofthe geometric distillation theory Furthermore, the book considers problems that are beyond the framework ofthe geometric theory of distillation...
... the five Mandarin vowels [a], [i](yi), [u](wu), [e], and [o](wo) with four tones: the flat tone (tone 1), the rising tone (tone 2), the falling and rising tone (tone 3), andthe falling tone (tone ... representation ofthe envelope, that is, the formant structure, of voiced speech Therefore, the aim ofthe mel-scale subband integration (and, additionally, the truncation ofthe sequence of cepstral ... ofthe special characteristics of speech In this work, we show that the representation ofthe time-varying propertiesof speech may benefit from usingthe values of pitch and formants to set the...
... operator P and give the e relation between T0 -periodic P C-mild solution andthe fixed point of P After showing the compactness ofthe Poincar´ operator P and obtaining the boundedness ofthe fixed ... sometimes andthe conditions for Banach fixed point theorem are too strong Our method is much different from others’, and we give a new way to show the existence of periodic solutions In addition, the ... X In order to obtain the local existence of mild solution for system 4.14 , we only need to set up the framework for use ofthe contraction mapping theorem Consider the ball given by B x ∈ C...
... estimates for a finite sequence tothe theoretical values to determine the magnitude of finite sequence effects We estimated entropy and MI for each of these sequences and then translated the sequences to ... method Unfortunately, the quality ofthe estimation suffers from the short length of protein sequences ΣA = ΣA ∪ {−} (10) MI is then calculated for ΣA ΣH is transformed to ΣG usingthe same method ... overestimation of MI in finite sequences is a factor ofthe length ofthe string, alphabet size, and frequency ofthe characters that make up the string We investigated the significance of this error for...
... assigning tothe pair [u1,s , v1,s ] the values ofthe corresponding two components ofthe vector h that are input tothe sth operation ofthe first stage ofthe flowgraph If, however, both of these ... from the left-hand side, andby another matrix H (2) from the right-hand side The parametric transform H (1) is generated bythe transposed mean column andthe transform H (2) is generated bythe ... having similar properties tends to preserve shapes of these vectors Therefore, the parametric transform synthesized according tothe generating vector being an average of several vectors, say xi...
... equal tothe LS estimator Also, the MV estimator is a special case of TDC with μ = The most straightforward way to specify the value of μ is to assign a constant value to it, independently ofthe ... SDC The amount of noise reduction can be controlled bythe parameters β and γ Note that the SDC estimator is a generalisation of both the MV estimator (20) for γ = andthe SVA estimator (21) for ... is provided bythe SDC estimator Here, the estimate is found by minimising the signal distortion subject to constraints on the energy ofthe projections ofthe residual noise onto the signal subspace...