... trivial source of error); and failures to account for
either the non-protein component of human milk or
the possible under-utilization of some ofthe milk’s
protein constituents because of their resistance ... A
supplementation of breastfeeding Indonesian
mothers: effects onthe vitamin A status of mother
and infant. Journal of Nutrition, 1993, 123:666–675.
81. Olson JA. Some aspects of vitamin A malnutrition.
Retina, ... breastfeeding in the period of
interest, i.e. beyond the first 4 months of life. Similarly,
poor understanding ofthe determinants of inter-
individual variability in the nutrient content of human
milk...
... instance, the further to
the left onthe continuum, and the more global the concepts (ultimately including
quality of life) , the more to the right. Concepts to the right encompass all the
domains ... in the
execution and analysis of their studies. In part, limitations emerge from the
continuing development ofthe measures themselves; as their refinement
continues, more valid and powerful conclusions ... uses of quality -of -life measures in technology assessment
from 1975 to 1979. They found 23 published studies onthe impact of medical
care or technology onthe quality of life, and only one was...
... enough to the
North Pole to have the appropriate effect.
89
Michael J. Benton
The History
of Life
A Very Short Introduction
1
TheHistoryof Life
What do the sites of exceptional preservation tell ... catalyse,
25
TheHistoryof Life: A Very Short Introduction
TheHistoryof Life
called the Cryogenian, but more graphically termed ‘Snowball
Earth .
The concept of Snowball Earth is highly controversial. ... produce a reasonable
summary of key dates for thehistoryofthe Earth. Holmes
suggested that the age oftheEarth was between 1,600 and
3,000 million years. In the same year, Rutherford suggested
3,400...
... between
quality oflife data and survival duration.
The aim of this review was to examine the literature on the
relationship between quality oflife data and survival
duration since the topic first ... to justify the
collection of quality oflife information, even if only to
assess improved survival as the main outcome in cancer
care. They believed that quality oflife data may not only
be helpful ... factors may con-
tribute to the initiation of morbidity, the biology of the
disease appears to predominate, overriding the potential
influence of life- style and psychosocial variables once the
disease...
... deduction con-
cerning the associations we found. Another limitation was
the use of self-reports ofthe seasonal changes in mood
and behavior, and ofthe illumination levels. However,
the former ... ill-being. The
intensity of seasonal changes in mood and behavior has a
negative effect on mental well-being that was second to
Table 2: Regression analysis ofthe determinants ofthe sum score onthe ... (GHQ-12)
translation and validation study ofthe Iranian version. Health
Qual Life Outcomes 2003,
1:1-66.
12. Pevalin DJ: Multiple applications ofthe GHQ-12 in a general
population sample: an investigation of...
... associated with
a variety of extra-articular manifestations that can result in
a number of comorbid conditions. Comparison of the
prevalence of comorbidity in these conditions remains,
therefore, difficult, ... planning ofthe healthcare services
should take these findings into account by maintaining
the focus on impairment and physical function, but also
focusing onthe mental and social consequences of the
disease. ... questionnaire to maximise the
response rate. The patients were instructed to complete all
the questionnaires at home and to return them in a pre-
paid envelope. To increase the response rate the nonre-
sponders...
... MMQL-
UK (CF). This paper concentrates specifically onthe vali-
dation ofthe MMQL-UK (PF) and comparison with the
child (CF) version. The Anglicisation and validation of the
MMQL-UK (CF) is reported ... out either at the home or at Swan-
sea University, depending onthe preference ofthe parent.
The newly developed MMQL-UK (PF) was then compared
with the shortened and anglicised version ofthe ... and MMQL-UK (PF). The internal consistency of the
MMQL-UK (PF) was excellent, with all components
exceeding the accepted criterion of 0.70 (see Table 2)
The construct validity ofthe MMQL-UK (PF)...
... and others supports use of
one SEM (calculated as the standard deviation of the
instrument multiplied by the square root of one minus its
reliability coefficient) as an approximation ofthe MCID
[16]. ... response mean
Authors' contributions
HC conceived and designed the study, performed the sta-
tistical analysis, and drafted the manuscript. PB contrib-
uted to conception and design ofthe ... focuses on demonstrating the responsiveness
of the RSDI, which has yet to be reported. We believe that
this is important because the RSDI is useful across a range
of rhinologic conditions, is reasonably...
... Gordon K: Con-
struction and validation of a quality oflife instrument for
young adults. Qual Life Res 2004, 13:747-759.
24. Chen H, Cohen P, Kasen S, Johnson JG: Adolescent Axis I and
personality ... observations over time for individu-
als. MODEL statement is an equation whose left-side con-
tains the name ofthe dependent variable, in this case
HEALTH. The right-hand side contains a list ofthe ... computing
the denominator degrees of freedom for tests ofthe fixed
effects. NOTEST prevents the printing results of type 3
tests of fixed effects. RANDOM statement contains a list of
the random...
... volume of sputum or any combination of these
symptoms, of acute onset, and requiring a change in the
regular medication ofthe patient [18].
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the
Foundation ... though they only show
a reduction in MCS-12 in the most advanced phases of the
disease. The determinant factors of both components of
HRQoL include sex, FEV
1
, use of oxygen therapy and
number of ... group
comparisons. Bonferroni adjustment was applied for mul-
tiple comparisons. To evaluate the correlation among the
values ofthe quantitative data, the Pearson's correlation
coefficient...