... contained inthe material herein This book is printed on acid-free paper Printed inThe Netherlands Contents Chapter Introduction Chapter Balancing inProcessIndustries 2.1 The ... and he can begin with Appendix C, Material and Energy Balancing intheProcessIndustriesand with Appendix D before Chapter He will then perhaps better understand the complex nature of the processes ... the stream (12) Material and Energy Balancing intheProcessIndustries is problematic Inthe subsystem (4) arises theprocess off-gas which is further led to the subsystem (3) to be burned in...
... Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Robin Jenkins, DuPont Engineering and Research Technology, Wilmington, Delaware G Korevaar, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands; Institute ... making in applications across theprocessindustriesand related disciplines Topics include the design of industrial parks and synergistic industrial networks, mining, chemicals, water treatment, and ... ideas and insights on how to modify processes to direct them toward more sustainable deployment of technology within an industry SUSTAINABILITY METRICS, INDICATORS, AND INDICES FOR THEPROCESS INDUSTRIES...
... be much less widespread inthe chemical and processing industries However, with the recent growing interest inthe handling and processing of systems with high solids loadings, it is no longer ... “strain-hardening” Many materials including polymer melts and solutions thus exhibit shearthinning in simple shear and strain-hardening in uniaxial extension Except inthe limit of vanishingly ... is the momentum inthe x-direction per unit volume of the fluid and hence yx represents the momentum flux inthe y-direction andthe negative sign indicates that the momentum transfer occurs in the...
... on the one hand and by the notion projection from X-theory on the other hand The second problem was that there is no way of explicitly controlling the application of rules in free Mgrammars and ... of the basic expressions (basic meanings) the meaning of the rules (rule m e a n i n g s ) In Montague Grammar these meanings are expressed in intensional logic Inthe Rosetta system the meanings ... XPPROP and C L A U S E ) The fact that in X-theory the phrase markers of the resulting constituents are Inthe example of the smart girl / the girl that is 8mart the subgrammars for the projection...
... pressure and temperature of the gas phase 4 Dust Explosions intheProcessIndustries Distributions of particle sizes and shapes inthe dust, determining the specific surface area of the dust inthe ... insulating plastic coating Due to the rubbing of the powder against the plastic, charge is accumulated on the internal face of the plastic coating The high mobility of the electrons inthe steel ... increases with increasing charge-to-mass ratio inthe powder, and increasing mass filling rate Lightning type discharge, which may in principle occur within an electrically insulating container with...
... any, inthe inert gas used, and v is the ratio of the volume of inert gas used inthe flushing process, andtheprocess volume flushed Leaks intheprocess equipment may cause air to enter the inerted ... dusts The design of gas inerting systems depends on whether theprocess is continuous or of the batch type, the strength of theprocess equipment and type and source of inert gas Two main principles ... when arriving, will become quenched In other industries than mining, adding inert dust is seldom applicable due to contamination and other problems It is nevertheless interesting to note the special...
... cloud inthe main space inside the mixer, and finally the main bulk of the powder inthe mixer was thrown into suspension and ignited when the mixer ruptured, giving rise to a major explosion inthe ... is the shear stress at the interface between the flowing gas andthe powder surface, w is the kinematic viscosity of the gas and p the gas density The total boundary layer is then the sum of the ... indicator of the general oxygen level inthe mixer It is highly probable that the oxygen concentration inthe lower part of the mixer, andin particular inthe space inside the tube surrounding...
... experimentally The choice of the thermophysical properties of the fuel and oxidizer used inthe theory, andthe idealized assumptions implicit inthe theoretical analysis could explain the quantitative ... arising during the heating process This was indicated by photographs of the particle surface at the time that the flame tongue appeared No influence of the incident heating flux density on the ... Explosions intheProcessIndustries tion higher, the heating and devolatilization processes will begin to controlthe combustion rate, i.e T d v > T ~ At conditions that give the highest burning velocities,...
... reaches the turbulent unburnt cloud, the combustion rate increases This in turn increases the expansion rate of the combustion products and therefore also the 362 Dust Explosions intheProcessIndustries ... in coal mines, where the supporting structures of the mine galleries would seem to have the same type of turbulence increasing effect as the concentric rings in tubes (Fischer, 1957) Intheprocess ... with the initial mass of air inthe main vessel This causes a significant rise of the pressure inthe main vessel once the dispersion air has been discharged into the main vessel In some investigations...
... q = m is the order of the reaction, and Cf and CORthe concentration of fuel and oxygen inthe reaction zone Inthe case where the fuel is non-depleting and q = 1, one gets: R c = kCoR The rate ... to the surroundings while the char remained inthe layer, forming the second region of the combustion wave, the combustion zone Oxygen from the atmosphere diffused into this zone, oxidizing the ... Heemskerk (1984), using both isothermal and adiabatic test methods, investigated the relationship between the rate of self-heating in coal piles andthe oxygen content inthe atmosphere inthe range 0-20...
... for the flow system describing the venting process, assuming that all the pressure and heat energy was located to the left of the x - x line in Figure 6.24, and all the kinetic energy to the ... particles and molecules Inthe first case there will be no need for the coupling theory, because what is measured inthe left-hand box is per definition what happens inthe box to the right Inthe ... sweeping through the casing in which the bottle is contained A magnetic stirrer inthe bottle ensures that the smouldering gas produced is mixed continuously with the main bulk of gas and air in the...
... steps The first is the generation and initial heating of the metal particle by the impact The second is the ignition of the flying hot particle andthe subsequent burning processThe third is the ... determining the influence of the oxygen content inthe atmosphere on the ignitability of dust clouds Perspex cylinder During this processthe air that was originally inthe Perspex cylinder leaks ... Full and partial inerting is discussed in Sections 1.3.6 and 1.4.3 in Chapter The possibility of dust explosions inprocess equipment can in principle be effectively eliminated by substituting the...
... were inthe grain industry, 17% inthe textile industry 12% inthe coal industry and 6% inthe metallurgical industry With the rapid development of the chemical and metallurgical industries, the ... l , u) continued I Appendix 615 continued 16 Dust Explosions intheProcessIndustries Table A l , a > Table A l , continued Appendix 617 61 continued Dust Explosions intheProcessIndustries ... I , continued Appendix 619 620 Dust Explosions intheProcessIndustries Table A l , continued + I Table A l , continued Appendix 621 I s m continued 622 Dust Explosions intheProcess industries...
... can sustain; (d) conserving and restoring ecosystem health and maintaining biodiversity; (e) maintaining the economic viability of systems for industry, trade, and commerce; (f) coordinating design ... Industrial Ecology theprocessThe advantages include total suppression of conventional plating waste, smaller inventory of zinc, better processcontrol of the quality and thickness of the zinc ... is an ideal process for managing certain organic hazardous wastes The burning of organic hazardous wastes as supplemental fuel inthe cement and other industries is their engineering approach...
... In a combined effort, the Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planningandthe Environment, together with the Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, are intheprocess of developing ... straight line Locate the two points on the graph that are separated by the vertical 50% mortality line and read the LC50 at the intersect of the two lines Expression and interpretation of the toxicity ... al These screening tests should be useful for pinpointing the source of toxicants entering the wastewater treatment plant The second category involves the use of these toxicity assays in process...
... conducted by industries using PCBs in processes and products and discharging the PCBcontaining waste into rivers and streams Other PCB-containing waste was disposed of in landfills When used in transformers ... breathing of contaminated air; and (c) ingestion, eating contaminated materials such as soil, food, or drinking water contaminated by dioxin In assessing these three routes, control of the physical ... geologists, industrial hygienists, chemists, etc.) in their decision-making process when managing, handling, and/ or treating hazardous substances Inthe past 25 years, industry, government, andthe general...
... Other Chemical IndustriesThe hazardous substances contained in solid, liquid, or gaseous wastes may include products from the pesticide and pharmaceutical industriesThe paint and textile industries ... used for the bioremediation of sites heavily polluted by a variety of xenobiotics The main problem in these applications is maintaining the stability of the plasmids in these strains Other technological ... biodegradation of odors and toxic gases such as hydrogen sulfide and other sulfur-containing gases from the exhaust ventilation air in industry and farming Industrial ventilation air containing formaldehyde,...
... knowing the sources andthe amounts of water and contaminants and continuously monitoring them, then reducing the amounts by in- plant operating and equipment changes There are many ways in a ... into those that are in greater demand Cracking and combining processes belong to the class of conversion processes Cracking processes include thermal cracking and catalytic cracking, which convert ... drum in one direction or the other During rotary drilling, a fluid called drilling mud is pumped down the drill pipe It flows out of the openings inthe bit and then back up between the pipe and the...
... two main components: the active ingredient or surfactant, andthe builder The processes discussed inthe following will include the manufacture and processing of the surfactant as well as the preparation ... According to Nemerow [38] and Wang and Krofta [39], the origin of major wastes is in washing and purifying soaps and detergents andthe resulting major pollutants are high BOD and certain soaps ... detail inthe following sections The details of theprocess design criteria for these unit treatment processes can be found in any design handbooks 7.6.1 In- Plant Controland Recycle Significant in- plant...
... of the weight of the warp) The main problem resulting from the desizing step is the high load in COD found inthe polymer-containing effluent Table summarizes the COD and biological oxygen demand ... that results in degradation of the thickener and lowering of the viscosity of the printing paste Generally, any release of printing pastes into the wastewater should be avoided, andin many countries ... portion of the printing paste is required for the filling of the printing machine Depending on the coverage factor of a pattern, approximately 55 –80% of the paste is used for printing, while...