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theutilizationofavailableresources(NIST,2008).
3.1Customer and
marketknowledge
Theprocesstounderstandtheneeds and expectationsofcurrent and
futurecustomers and markets(i.e.,theprocesstounderstandthevoice
ofthecustomer and market)(NIST,2008).
3.2Customer
relationships and
satisfaction
Theprocesstoestablishcustomerrelationships, and toascertain
customersatisfaction and dissatisfactioninordertoretainthecurrent
customers, and acquirenewcustomers and newmarkets(NIST,2008).
4.1 Performance
analysis,review
and improvement
Effectiveselection and useoffinancial and non‐financialdata and
informationtoanalyze,review, and improveorganizational performance
withaviewtowardachievingstrategicobjectives and topreparefor
unexpectedorganizationalorexternalchanges(NIST,2008).
4.2Data and
knowledge
management
Thedevelopment and management ofknowledgeassets(e.g.,allsortsof
data,information,software and hardware)toimproveorganization
efficiency and effectiveness(NIST,2008).
5.1Workforce
engagement
Themechanismthatengages,develops, and assessesanorganization’s
workforcetofosterhighemployee performance and toenable and
encourageemployeestocontributetotheachievementofstrategic
objectives and organizationalsustainability(NIST,2008).
Continued
13
Figure5:TheBPM‐MBNQAconceptualframework
Time
Transition
BPMProgram
MBNQAInitiative
MBNQAProgram
Leadership
Customer and
MarketFocus
StrategicPlanning
Process
Management
WorkforceFocus
Results
Measurement,Analysis, and Knowledge Management
Strategy
Development
Business
Intelligence
Performance Analysis,
Review, and
Improvement
Performance
Monitoring
ActionPlan
CompetitiveAdvantage
Innovation
Results
(SameasMBNQA
Results)
33
(1999), and Samson and Terziovski(1999)usedtheBaldrigeframeworktostudythequalityof
manufacturingfirmsinAustralia and NewZealand.Variousstudieshaveused,extended and
testedthisframeworkinseveralindustriesincludingmanufacturing(Handfield&Ghosh,1995;
Dowetal.,1999;Samson&Terziovski,1999;Wilson&Collier,2000;Flynn&Saladin,2001;
Prajogo,2005),service(Prajogo,2005),healthcare(Prybutok&Spink,1999;Meyer&Collier,
2001),government(Pannirselvametal.,1998;Pannirselvam&Ferguson,2001;Prybutoketal.,
2008), and highereducation(Winn&Cameron,1998).
NumerousstudieshaveinvestigatedthelinkagesimpliedintheMalcolmBaldrige
NationalQualityAwardframework.MostofthesestudiesusedtheMBNQAframeworks
releasedpriorto2000(Prybutoketal.,2008).Therearetwosalientfeaturesofthesestudies.
First,theMBNQAframeworks(differentversionsoftheMBNQAframework)weretestedatthe
categorylevelonly.Second,theMBNQAframeworksspecifieddirectionofcausefromone
directionbyusingunidirectionalarrowsbasedonthegeneralpropositionthatleadershipdrives
thesystemthatcreatesresults(e.g.,Dowetal.,1999;Prybutok&Spink,1999;Samson&
Terziovski,1999;Wilson&Collier,2000;Meyer&Collier,2001).Therefore,theywere
representedasrecursivemodels(Byrne,1998).Forinstance,Wilson and Collier(2000)tested
therelationshipsin1995MBNQAframework and portrayedtherelationshipsinarecursive
causalmodel.TheypositedthattheBaldrigequalityexpertsdidnotfollowtheirgeneraltheory
indefiningthespecific performance relationshipsbetweenthecriteriacategories.Wilson and
CollieralsoarguedthattheBaldrigequalityexpertsdefaultedtothepremisethateverythingis
relatedtoeverythingelsebecausetheyhadnoideahowthesespecific performance
relationships and directionsofcausationshouldbedefined.
18
Table2:Continued
Constructs ...
theutilizationofavailableresources(NIST,2008).
3.1Customer and
marketknowledge
Theprocesstounderstandtheneeds and expectationsofcurrent and
futurecustomers and markets(i.e.,theprocesstounderstandthevoice
ofthecustomer and market)(NIST,2008).
3.2Customer
relationships and
satisfaction
Theprocesstoestablishcustomerrelationships, and toascertain
customersatisfaction and dissatisfactioninordertoretainthecurrent
customers, and acquirenewcustomers and newmarkets(NIST,2008).
4.1 Performance
analysis,review
and improvement
Effectiveselection and useoffinancial and non‐financialdata and
informationtoanalyze,review, and improveorganizational performance
withaviewtowardachievingstrategicobjectives and topreparefor
unexpectedorganizationalorexternalchanges(NIST,2008).
4.2Data and
knowledge
management
Thedevelopment and management ofknowledgeassets(e.g.,allsortsof
data,information,software and hardware)toimproveorganization
efficiency and effectiveness(NIST,2008).
5.1Workforce
engagement
Themechanismthatengages,develops, and assessesanorganization’s
workforcetofosterhighemployee performance and toenable and
encourageemployeestocontributetotheachievementofstrategic
objectives and organizationalsustainability(NIST,2008).
Continued
13
Figure5:TheBPM‐MBNQAconceptualframework
Time
Transition
BPMProgram
MBNQAInitiative
MBNQAProgram
Leadership
Customer and
MarketFocus
StrategicPlanning
Process
Management
WorkforceFocus
Results
Measurement,Analysis, and Knowledge Management
Strategy
Development
Business
Intelligence
Performance Analysis,
Review, and
Improvement
Performance
Monitoring
ActionPlan
CompetitiveAdvantage
Innovation
Results
(SameasMBNQA
Results)
33
(1999), and Samson and Terziovski(1999)usedtheBaldrigeframeworktostudythequalityof
manufacturingfirmsinAustralia and NewZealand.Variousstudieshaveused,extended and
testedthisframeworkinseveralindustriesincludingmanufacturing(Handfield&Ghosh,1995;
Dowetal.,1999;Samson&Terziovski,1999;Wilson&Collier,2000;Flynn&Saladin,2001;
Prajogo,2005),service(Prajogo,2005),healthcare(Prybutok&Spink,1999;Meyer&Collier,
2001),government(Pannirselvametal.,1998;Pannirselvam&Ferguson,2001;Prybutoketal.,
2008), and highereducation(Winn&Cameron,1998).
NumerousstudieshaveinvestigatedthelinkagesimpliedintheMalcolmBaldrige
NationalQualityAwardframework.MostofthesestudiesusedtheMBNQAframeworks
releasedpriorto2000(Prybutoketal.,2008).Therearetwosalientfeaturesofthesestudies.
First,theMBNQAframeworks(differentversionsoftheMBNQAframework)weretestedatthe
categorylevelonly.Second,theMBNQAframeworksspecifieddirectionofcausefromone
directionbyusingunidirectionalarrowsbasedonthegeneralpropositionthatleadershipdrives
thesystemthatcreatesresults(e.g.,Dowetal.,1999;Prybutok&Spink,1999;Samson&
Terziovski,1999;Wilson&Collier,2000;Meyer&Collier,2001).Therefore,theywere
representedasrecursivemodels(Byrne,1998).Forinstance,Wilson and Collier(2000)tested
therelationshipsin1995MBNQAframework and portrayedtherelationshipsinarecursive
causalmodel.TheypositedthattheBaldrigequalityexpertsdidnotfollowtheirgeneraltheory
indefiningthespecific performance relationshipsbetweenthecriteriacategories.Wilson and
CollieralsoarguedthattheBaldrigequalityexpertsdefaultedtothepremisethateverythingis
relatedtoeverythingelsebecausetheyhadnoideahowthesespecific performance
relationships and directionsofcausationshouldbedefined.
18
Table2:Continued
Constructs ... Morethan100yearsold.Focusesonbusinessconsulting,systems
integration, and managedservices.ServesGlobal2000 and midsize
companies,governmentagencies, and otherorganizationsintheU.S.
and aroundtheworld.Majorservicesincludecustomerrelationship
management, enterpriseresourceplanning,key performance indicator
(KPI)development,information management, performance
management, enterprisestrategydevelopment and transformation,
and informationtechnology(IT)strategydevelopment and
transformation,amongothers(BPMM,2005).
BPMPartnersInc....