... Helkala EL, Laakso MP, Hanninen T, Hallikainen M,
Alhainen K, Soininen H, Tuomilehto J, Nissinen A: Midlife vascular
risk factors and Alzheimer&apos ;s disease in later life: longitudinal,
population ... purposes)
Journal of Neuroinflammation
Open Access
Review
The microglial NADPH oxidase complex as a source of oxidative
stress in Alzheimer&apos ;s disease
Brandy L Wilkinson* and Gary E Landreth
Address: Alzheimer ... peroxidation and oxidative imbalance:
early functional events in Alzheimer&apos ;s disease. J Alzheimers Dis
2004, 6:171-175.
26. Markesbery WR: Oxidativestress hypothesis in Alzheimer&apos ;s
disease....
... GGCTCTGGAACTGAATAAAGCGAC
pes1
A2
reverse GTCCCATATATCCGCTTGCAATCT
pes1
A4
forward TCTGACTCCGTCGATAGCTAGCAT
pes1
A4
reverse CCAGATCCTCACGACTGATAAGCTC
pes1
C2
forward GAGATCTAGATACCCATGCAGCCCTGTC
pes1
C2
reverse ... GATATCGAATTCGCCTCAAACAATG
Nested forward GAGACCTAGGAAGCAATGTCTCCGCAACATTTGGCGACATGGTCTCATAT
Nested reverse GAGACCGCGGAAGCTTCTGGACCTTTTCGCGTGTTGCTTCCGACATAGGA
NRP synthetase in Aspergillus fumigatus ... pes1 in pro-
tecting A. fumigatus against oxidative stress.
Semiquantitative analysis of pes1 expression has
confirmed that the gene is present, and differentially
expressed, in four strains of A. ...
... G, Aliev G, Irai K, Takeda A, Balraj EK, Jones PK,
Ghanbari H, Wataya T, Shimohana S, Chiba S, Atwood CS, Petersen
RB, Smith MA: Oxidativestress is the earliest event in Alzhe-
imer&apos ;s disease. ... After 15 min, the reaction was stopped and
absorbance immediately read at 450 nm. Oxidized pro-
tein standards, internal controls and blanks were always
assayed at the same time and in the same ... the
relationship between brain inflammation responses and
oxidative stress has not yet been clearly delineated in AD.
For example, its is possible to consider these two events as
elements of the same...
... inflammation after anoxia. The
Figure 2 shows activities of AS, AL and arginase in the
study. AS and AL activities increased in all the three
brain regions significantly in anoxia suggesting ... stressin anoxia and reperfusion and suggests a
possible role for anti oxidants in preventing neuro-
degeneration in anoxia and reperfusion injuries to
brain. The increased arginase and sustained ... (20).
Apart from NO synthesis L-arginine may also
serve as a substrate for glutamate formation and may
also provide increased substrate for arginase (50). No
significant changes in the activity...
... dismutase and catalase activities
in the hippocampus of adult rats after
pilocarpine-induced SE
Table 1 shows superoxide dismutase and catalase activ-
ities in the hippocampus after seizures and SE ... Oxidativestressin the hippocampus after pilocarpine-
induced status epilepticus in Wistar rats
Rivelilson M. Freitas, Silva
ˆ
nia M. M. Vasconcelos, Francisca C. F. Souza, Glauce S. B. Viana
and ... data suggest that the hippocampus does
not use superoxide dismutase as the major free-radical-
scavenging system [9,30]. It probably uses other scav-
enging systems (catalase and GSH).
Pilocarpine-induced...
... receptor-based mechanisms are modulated
by [Ca
2+
]
e
: (a) the Ca
2+
-sensing receptor is activated by
millimolar changes in [Ca
2+
]
e
, and is widely distributed
in mammalian tissues including brain ... mechanisms may act alone or in
concert with nonselective Ca
2+
channels in producing
significant excitotoxic Ca
2+
increases following ischemic
insults.
TRP channels as candidates for paradoxical
Ca
2+
-increases
TRP ... latter study the authors also demonstrated
that the increase in superoxide radical formation is
predominantly associated with extramitochondrial
phospholipase A( 2) (PLA
2
) activation, and it does...
... and outlined their relevance as significant con-
trolling steps of energy metabolism in parasites subjected to oxidative
stress.
Abbreviations
AcCoAS, acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase; Cat, catalase; ... fluxes in live parasites.
Results
Kinetic characterization of EhPFOR in amebal
extracts
PFORs in several anaerobic parasites have been found
attached to plasma and hydrogenosomal membranes
[20,21], ... acetyl-CoA. Basal activity with
NADH and the extract was always subtracted. Complete
inhibition of the ADH activity with pyrazole was deter-
mined separately in the ADH assay. Acetyl-CoA synthetase
activity...
... genes
regulating peroxisomal and microsomal oxidation pathways was analyzed
by RT-PCR. In addition, glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities, as
well as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, ... mirrors
the effects observed for GPX and catalase activities,
thus indicating that a diet based on MCTs raises the
risk of ROS production. The TBARS concentration
was strongly increased after fasting ... skeletal
myopathy also occur in long-chain fatty acid oxidation
defects [4]. During these catabolic situations, long-
chain fatty acids cannot be oxidized, and accumulate
in tissues as long-chain acyl-CoAs and...
... Furusawa S, Kimura E, Kisara S, Nakano S, Murata R, Tanaka Y, Sakaguchi S,
Takayanagi M, Takayanagi Y, Sasaki K: Mechanism of resistance to
oxidative stressin doxorubicin resistant cells. Biol ... kinase phosphatases [3]. MAP kinase phosphatases
(MKPs) are a group of dual-specificity phosphatases that
inactivate MAPKs by dephosphorylating their threonine
and tyrosine residues. At least ... pro-inflammatory
cytokine signaling cascade, and the delayed and sustained
activation is mediated by ROS [45], which inactivate
MAP kinase phosphatases by reacting with catalytic
cysteine and causing...
... Western blotting detection system (Amersham).
Statistical analysis
Data were expressed as mean
±
SD. For comparison of
means, Student s
t
-test was performed using SPSS 9.0
(SPSS Inc., USA) statistical ... 5'-TTACTTTCTTGTTCAGCGAC
CGA-3' and antisense 5'-C ACCTTCGTATAGAATGTCCG
CA-3', Cu/Zn-SOD (541 bp): sense 5'-AGGATTAACTGA
AGGCGAGCATG-3' and antisense 5'-GCCCAAGTCATC
TTGTTTCTCGT-3', MTH1 ... (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.org) sequences. Mn-SOD
(782 bp): sense 5'-GATGTGTGGAGCACGCTTACT-3' and
antisense 5'-CACAATGTCACTCCTCTCCGAATTA-3',
Catalase (763 bp): sense 5'-TTACTTTCTTGTTCAGCGAC
CGA-3'...
... increasing O
3
(Figs. 1
396 C. Gaucher et al.
season suggested that less precursors and less energy was allo-
cated to repair of injured foliar tissues. As PEPC transformed
PEP to OAA and as ... symptomatic if at least
2% of his area was injured.
2.3. Enzymatic analysis
2.3.1. In vivo nitrate reductase assay
At the field site, in parallel with the harvests and at all sam-
pling dates, NR (E.C. ... photorespiratory pathway)
in Pinus taeda needles exposed to air pollution.
As a shade tolerant, slow growing species [3], sugar maple
has a low assimilation rate, leading to a compromise be-
tween maximizing...
... pathway is intrinsically defective in
SSc.
Keywords: nifedipine, oxidative stress, sVCAM-1, systemic sclerosis, VEGF
Introduction
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease
characterised ... endothelium-
related indices, including increased plasma levels of mark-
ers such as soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1
(sVCAM-1). Thus, sVCAM-1 could be a useful parameter
for vascular assessment [6] and ... expression of adhe-
Table 2
Serum concentrations of vascular markers in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) at baseline and in controls
Serum constituent Controls (n = 20) SSc patients at baseline...
... hypothesis that oxida-
tive agents play a role in situ in chondrocytes and in
cartilage changes in OA. These results also support the
concept that antioxidative agents may prevent oxidative
stress- induced ... group, which was macroscop-
ically normal).
In these donor matched pairs of articular cartilage samples,
antioxidative potential of the tissue was measured using an
assay that is based on reduction ... closely related to the increase in senes-
cence-associated β-galactosidase expression in human
chondrocytes, suggesting that chondrocyte senescence,
at least in part, participates in the age-related...