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Statisticshashelpeddeterminetheformoflawsaboutsociety and thecharacterof
socialfacts.Ithasengenderedconcepts and classificationswithinthehumansci-
ences.Moreoverthecollectionofstatisticshascreated,attheleast,agreatbureau-
craticmachinery.Itmaythinkofitselfasprovidingonlyinformation,butitis
itselfpartofthetechnologyofpowerinthemodernstate.(Hacking1991:181)
ThisbookemergedfromtheseminarontheMeasurementofInnovationActivitiesin
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and non -OECD
countries thatwasheldinSouthAfricain2001.Themotivation for thatforumwasthe
recognisedneedtoaddressanew and excitingphenomenonintheareaof economic
policyformulation.Thelandmarksofthisphenomenonwerethepublicationofthe1992
OsloManual and thenewEurostatCommunityInnovationSurvey(CIS).Theseevents
markedanotableruptureintheplacementofinnovationwithinmacroeconomicpolicy
formulation.Thisruptureresultedinashiftofinnovationtheory(offering,asitdoes,what
maywellbeoneofthemoreformidablechallengestotheneoclassicalaccountof economic
growth)fromtherealmsofatheoreticaldebatetopraxis.Inaway,theparadigmshiftthat
hadoccurredintheory,withtheemergenceofevolutionaryeconomics and innovation
theory,nowbecamemanifestinacorrespondingshiftinthenatureofthestatisticaltoolof
(political) economic governance.
Innovationtheoryhad‘arrived’, and itslegitimacywasfurtherratifiedinalater OECD
document (OECD 1997)thatexplicitlyarticulatedthetheoreticalfoundationofthis
newtypeofsurvey,whichhadgonefarbeyondthepreviousdatagatheringonresearch
and development in OECD member countries. Therupturemarkedadeparturefrom
an economic planningframeworkwhereinthescience and technology(S&T)sectorwas
incorporatedintheorthodoxneoclassicalmodeltoaninnovationtheory-basedapproach
togrowththatfundamentallychallengesthismodel.Itredirectedtheanalysisoftherole
oftechnology, and ofinnovationingeneral,inthegrowthofnations,awayfromresidual
analysistothemainstream.Thisrupturethusarosefromtwolinkeddevelopments.Thefirst
wastheincreasinglyapparentimportanceofinnovationinthegrowth and development
ofeconomies,especiallyinthelatterpartofthetwentiethcentury.Thesecondwasthe
realisationthattheessentiallystaticanalyticalframeworkofmainstreamneoclassicaltheory
wasillsuited for theanalysisofthe economic roleofinnovation.Thesetwodevelopments
providedwhatonemaycallthepoliticalbasis,themotiveforce, for theemergenceofthe
newsurvey.
The development ofanewsurvey,seekingnewdata and newwaysoforganising
information,isnolightmatter, and thesignificanceofanewsurveyisobviouslymost
pronouncedwhenitreflectsashiftinthetheoreticalbase,inthiscasefromneoclassicalto
evolutionarytheory.Thescopeofsurveysthatareadoptedbygovernmentsisanchoredin
governance, and the development ofsuchsurveysisthusfundamentallydifferentfromthe
normalprocessofacademicenquiry.Thereisalwaysaninevitablereciprocalrelationship
betweentheobjectofenquiry and themodeofenquiry,butinthecaseofofficialsurveys,
Free ... www.hsrcpress.ac.za
PreparedfortheDepartmentofScienceandTechnologyandtheOrganisationforEconomicCo-operation
andDevelopment (OECD) bytheCentreforScience,TechnologyandInnovationIndicators(CeSTII)inthe
KnowledgeSystemsProgrammeoftheHumanSciencesResearchCouncil
PublishedonbehalfoftheDepartmentofScienceandTechnology.
PublishedbyarrangementwiththeOECD.Theopinionsexpressedandargumentsemployedhereindonot
necessarilyreflecttheofficialviewsoftheOrganisationorofthegovernmentsofitsmembercountries.
PublishedbyHSRCPress
PrivateBagX9182,CapeTown,8000,SouthAfrica
www.hsrcpress.ac.za
â2006HumanSciencesResearchCouncil
Firstpublished2006
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedorutilisedin
anyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,includingphotocopying
andrecording,orinanyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermission
inwritingfromthepublishers.
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CopyeditedbyRobynArnold
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