... equivalent formulation of the second law. But we haven’thad any equation to express the law. With the help of the concept of entropy we can write an equation for the second law 3.1 Definition:Consider ... efficiency of an Otto cycle 5/6/2008 2Chapter XVIThe SecondLaw of ThermodynamicsĐ1. Reversible Carnot cyclesĐ2. The secondlawof thermodynamicsĐ3. Entropy and quantitative formulation of the second ... different kinds of motion: organized and random motions,respectively. One can convert the organized motions of molecules torandom motions, but it is difficult to control the random motions of molecules,...
... second law. By posing the secondlaw in terms of a particu-lar physical process (adiabatic expansion), the door is opened to use any natural(irreversible) process as the basis of a secondlaw ... The SecondLaw Mystique 327References 331Color Plates 335Index 343 Challenges to the SecondLawof Thermodynamics 4 Challenges to the Second Law In this, its most primordial form, the second ... the secondlaw is Nature’s tax on the first. 10 Challenges to the Second Law Clausius’ verbal statement of the secondlaw makes no sense All thatremains is a Mosaic prohibition; a century of...
... introduction of the basic theory of impulsivedifferential equations, see Lakshmikantham et al. 1; for an overview of existing results and of recent research areas of impulsive differential equations, ... singular nonlocal boundaryvalue problems, ” Boundary Value Problems, vol. 2007, Article ID 74517, 10 pages, 2007. Boundary Value Problems 21 Using the similar proof of that of Lemmas 2.1 and 2.6, we ... olutionyt,t∈ J with property 3.17.Proof. The proof is similar to that of Theorem 3. 2of 6.Theorem 3.5. Assume that H1, H2, 3.1 of H3 and 3.14 and 3.15 of H4 hold. Inaddition,...
... has one and only one ω-periodic solution. 10 Boundary Value Problems 3. Proof of the main resultsProof of Theorem 1.1. Without loss of generality, it can be assumed that h00. On the otherhand, ... problem for second- order linear functional differ-ential equations,” Boundary Value Problems, no. 3, pp. 247–261, 2005.29 S. Mukhigulashvili, “On the solvability of a periodic problem for second- order ... conditions of Theorem 1.1 are fulfilled which guarantee the existence of at least one ω-periodic solution of 1.4. 2 Boundary Value Problems We consider the functional differential equation untfut,...
... maxt∈ITnut≤Mntnn!uc, 3.39 10 Boundary Value Problems 13 Z. Du, W. Ge, and X. Lin, “Existence of solutions for a class of third-order nonlinear boundary value problems, ” Journal of Mathematical Analysis and ... problem,”Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, vol. 323, no. 1, pp. 413–425, 2006.12 Y. Sun, “Positive solutions of singular third-order three-point boundary value problem,” Journal of Mathematical ... problem of third-orderdifferential equations,” Mathematica Slovaca, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 485–494, 2010.4 Y. Sun, “Positive solutions for third-order three-point nonhomogeneous boundary value problems, ”Applied...
... estimated by analysis of background noise using [38]σg=12NNi=1m2i. (9) Using this equation, and analysis of the background of anormalised T2 MR image of the silicone gel ... spherical markers. Tracking of these markers provides a direct measure of deformation. Validation of in vivo medical imaging techniques is often challenging due to the lack of appropriate reference ... ththe centre of its OCV appearance 1 is obtained. Similarly2 up to 4 demonstrate the appearance of a marker whenits centre coincides with the middle of a voxel face, themiddle of a voxel edge...
... period of adaptation, the “moment of decision” can be delayed untill the end of the second or third cycle.The retrieval of the correct music matching a dance figure is only the first step of the ... to the number of samples defining one dance figure (cf., Equation 3),and p equal to the number of consecutive cycles performed of the same dance figure (see Figure 6).To model each of the gestural ... operation applied during the processing of the motion parameters (see Section 3.1.2).This type of smoothing has the advantage of preserving the spatial characteristics of the original data, likewidths...
... Spectrum of Almost Periodic Solution of Second- Order Neutral Delay Differential Equationswith Piecewise Constant of ArgumentLi Wang and Chuanyi ZhangDepartment of Mathematics, Harbin Institute of ... DoslyThe spectrum containment of almost periodic solution of second- order neutral delay differentialequations with piecewise constant of argument EPCA, for short of the form xtpxt − 1qx2t ... which guarantees the uniqueness of solution of 1.1 and cannot beomitted.To study the spectrum of almost periodic solution of 1.1, we firstly study the solution of 1.1.Letf1nn1nsnfσdσ...
... thesolvability of nonlinear singular equations subject to different types of boundary conditions.In this section, we utilize Theorem 4.1 to show the existence of solutions for periodic problems. The rest of ... CorporationBoundary Value Problems Volume 2009, Article ID 905769, 28 pagesdoi:10.1155/2009/905769Research ArticleLimit Properties of Solutions of Singular Second- Order Differential EquationsIrena ... description of the code can be found in 17. This software has already been used for a variety of singularboundary value problems relevant for applications; see, for example, 18.The equations...
... Solutions of Singular Nonautonomous Second- Order Differential EquationsIrena Rach˚unkov´aandJanTomeˇcekDepartment of Mathematical Analysis and Applications of Mathematics, Faculty of Science,Palack´y ... Value Problems 15Proof. Similar arugmets can be found in 12.ByLemma 2.1, the assertion i holds. Thearguments in Step 1 of the proof of Lemma 4.6 imply ii. The strict monotonicity of unandRemark ... Value Problems 215 P. M. Lima, N. B. Konyukhova, A. I. Sukov, and N. V. Chemetov, “Analytical-numerical investigation of bubble-type solutions of nonlinear singular problems, ” Journal of Computational...
... Difference EquationsVolume 2007, Article ID 40160, 17 pagesdoi:10.1155/2007/40160Research ArticleNecessary Conditions of Optimality for Second- Order NonlinearImpulsive Differential EquationsY. ... for a Lagrange problem of systems governedby a class of the second- order nonlinear impulsive differential equation in infinite di-mensional spaces. Consider the following second- order nonlinear ... Existence of optimal controlsIn this section, we not only present the existence of PCl-mild solution of the controlledsystem (1.1) but also give the existence of optimal controls of systems...
... appli-cationsofthetheoryofimpulsivedifferential equations to different areas, for example,see [6–15].Boundaryvalueproblems(BVPs)forimpulsivedifferential equations and im-pulsive difference equations ... CorporationBoundary Value Problems Volume 2007, Article ID 41589, 13 pagesdoi:10.1155/2007/41589Research ArticleExistence of Solutions for Second- Order Nonlinear Impulsive Differential Equations with ... value problemsof first-order differ-ential equations,” Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, vol. 325, no. 1, pp. 226–236,2007.[23] J. J. Nieto, “Periodic boundary value problems...
... existing motion data. Large mo-tion databases do not accept the uncompressed forms, sincethe motion data are often huge. For example, the size of only a 3 -second sample of the skeleton motion ... algo-rithms.Figure 9 shows series of samples of the original mo-tions and the decoded one by IKBP method correspondingly.These series of samplings present a period of the motion. Inwalk motion, when entropy ... Error of angle of each joint in a limb chain for ballet motion. This table records almost the same entropy of different methods forcompression ratio and the error of the orientation angle of the...
... point of pedantry.A correct definition of a function space (with correctly defined norm) in which to searchfor a solution of a problem is essential for any meaningful discussion of the problem. Of ... Electronic Journal of Differential Equations 1998 (1998), no. 35,1–7.[7] C.J.ChyanandJ.Henderson,Eigenvalue problems for nonlinear differential equations on a mea-sure chain, Journal of Mathematical ... right of 1, and it does not seem that a boundary value problem of this formwill provide values of u to the right of 1. The problem here is caused by formulating theproblem firstly in terms of the...