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â2004 Ivyspring International Publisher. All rights reserved
Monte Carlo Commissioning of LowEnergy Electron
Radiotherapy Beams using NXEGS Software
Research paper
Received: 2004.3.02 ... 94305, USA
A
A
b
b
s
s
t
t
r
r
a
a
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c
t
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This work is a report on the commissioning of lowenergy electron beams
of a medical linear accelerator for Monte Carlo dose calculation using ... calculated and measured dose distributions along seven different dimensions as
described below, essentially following the recommendations of Van Dyk et al [7]. Note that each
quantity represents a...
... factor for
low energy fractures, and Norway has a high incidence of
fractures related to osteoporosis compared to the rest of
the world [7-10]. Furthermore, most patients with a low-
energy fracture ... expect an increasing number of low-
energy fractures [11,12]. These facts highlight the need to
focus on the complexity of issues related to the occurrence
of lowenergy fractures in the elderly ... understood as satisfaction with life, in low- energy
fractures in hip and wrist. To our best knowledge no stud-
ies have been performed with this perspective in low-
energy hip and wrist fracture patients.
A...
... change of the lowest -energy structure is much slower than that on Cu(110)
with the cluster size increasing.
Corresponding to the type change of the lowest -energy structure, the low- energy
structures ... [2-10]. However, such studies mainly focus on the
lowest -energy structures. For the structures with energy close to the lowest one, which
are named low- energy structures here, investigations and discussions ... we can predict the type change of the
lowest -energy structure. Still take Cu(110) as an example (ξ = 5.26), from Equation 11,
the change of the lowest -energy structure from one linear chain...
... nanomaterials.
Experimental Setup and Methods
Low- Energy Electron Treatment Technique
In this work, the combination of two different techniques
was used for surface energy modification: UV and
low- energy electron irradiation. ... illumination
and low- energy electron irradiation. UV treatment is a
well-known technique for the surface modification leading
to hydrophilicity enhancement of materials [19]. The
method of low- energy electron ... found. Low- energy elec-
tron treatment strongly modified the wettability by
strengthening its hydrophobic state especially for the
probing liquids with large polar components of the surface
free energy...
... evolution below 1,200 eV ion energy is inves-
tigated. The sputtered surface is examined and analyzed by
AFM. In the low eV energy range, no regular surface patterns
are observed. Above the mid-eV energy, ... time and energy are
two relative concepts. A shorter sputtering time could need
higher sputtering energy to achieve the same outcome as in
longer sputtering time but lower sputtering energy. Further-
more, ... sputtering energy, there exists the possibility that
this sputtering duration is not long enough for some low
sputtering energies to initiate dot formation, or these energies
are below the threshold energy. ...
... the National Nuclear
Energy
Series
is intended to be
a
comprehensive
account
of
the sci-
entific and
technical
achievements of the United States program for
the development of
atomic energy.
It ... Manhattan
Project Technical Section of the National Nuclear
Energy Series embodies
results of
work
done
in the nation's wartime
atomic energy program by numerous contractors, including Columbia
University.
The ... These now will appear as the
first
published
volumes
of the Los
Alamos
part of the National Nuclear
Energy
Series.
Darol
K. Froman, one of the originators of the Los Alamos Technical
Series
and...
... Collaborative pilot projects in civilian nuclearenergy
cooperation could include advanced safeguards; nuclear waste storage and
disposition; nuclearenergy safety; and analysis and development ... CPPNM.
o Civilian nuclearenergy cooperation. Signature of the U.S Russian 123
Agreement
68
would establish a framework agreement to enable cooperation on
civilian nuclear energy. Collaborative ... of nuclear attribution based on a technical
nuclear forensics capability. While recognizing the practical limits of nuclear forensics, they
expect this system to help identify the origin of nuclear...
... piezoelectric energy har-
vesters [17]. The electromechanical coupling is a measure
of a material or system’s ability to convert mechanical
energy into electrical energy or vice versa. In energy har-
vesting, ...
results of a compact, low- frequency, piezoelectric vibration
energy harvesting device were presented. The meander-
shaped piezoelectric energy harvester effectively achieves
a lower resonant frequency ... vibration energy har-
vesting has been studied as a power source for wireless
sensor nodes. Vibration energy harvesting is converting
mechanical vibration energy into useful electrical energy...
... solar energy, the energy from winds, tides,
or the sea motion, and heat from within the earth. Finally, we have energy
from nuclear reactions, i.e., the “burning” of nuclear fuel.
1.2 Thermal Energy ... Part I BASIC CONCEPTS
1 Energy
1.1 Forces and Energy 3
1.2 Thermal Energy 5
1.3 Radiant Energy 7
1.4 The Equivalence of Matter and Energy 8
1.5 Energy and the World 9
1.6 Summary ... References for Chapter 25 416
26 Nuclear Explosions
26.1 Nuclear Power vs. Nuclear Weapons 419
26.2 Nuclear Explosives 420
26.3 The Prevention of Nuclear War 426
26.4 Nonproliferation...
... (e.g.,
simple chunk). Furthermore, considering the limited energy
and computation capability of sensor nodes, the very low
complexity of the CRT allows it to be more suitable to achieve
reliability in ... represent the CRT components, and
b
is the energy
needed to transmit a bit. More precisely, the expected energy
reduction factor can be defined as follows:
ERF
=
E
SP
− E
CRT
E
SP
= 1 −
n
c
w
CRT
n
p
w
.
(9)
It ... node, and therefore the energy that a node consumes for
the transmission.
The splitting procedure is achieved applying the Chi-
nese Remainder Theorem (CRT) which represents a low-
complexity approach...
... Precipitations In Chemical Reactions
t ta trong phn ng hóa hc
Trang 5
3. Vit tích nng các ion.
Tích nng các ... 55 ml 0.010 ca Na
2
SO
4
. có kt ta nào
c to thành hay không?
Precipitations In Chemical Reactions
t ta trong phn ng hóa hc
Trang 4
5. So sánh kt qu tìm c vi K
sp
và a ra ... hòa tan.
2. Vit phng trình phân ly cho BaF2
BaF
2
= Ba
+2
+ 2F
-
Precipitations In Chemical Reactions
t ta trong phn ng hóa hc
Trang 1
t ta trong các phn ng hóa hc
(The Young Vietnamese...