... oxygen of the alcohol attacks the carbonyl carbon. In the second step, the proton bonded to the oxygen from the alcohol transfers to the oxygen that was the carbonyl oxygen. This proton transfer ... case, is the carbonyl carbon. In the carboxylic acid family, the leaving group (the electronegative group bonded to the carbonyl carbon) is a base, but is generally a weaker base than the nucleophile. ... a leaving group. In reactions with a leaving group, the behavior of the leaving group significantly affects the course of the reaction. The reactivity of the various members of the carboxylic...
... inhibition potency on the polymerase function; and (c) the K-61 analogueshowed a fourfold reduction in its RDDP activity inhi-bition potency. By contrast, when the AQ derivativeswere tested onthe ... similar conformation (RMS 0.57), on the other hand, in the crystal reported by Pata et al. [30] the NNRTI binding pocket most closely resembles the RT unliganded conformation. Therefore, the AQ ... steric modifications occur. The binding modeof K-49 in the Y181C RT is different, and the contribu-tion of the p–p stacking interaction is lost. Furthermore, the low number of good contacts with...
... rise.• This leads to disruption of the weather patterns eg drought, floods• Some weeds may thrive on the extra carbon dioxide while other plants are killedBiological Control of Pests• This means ... from the water• This means the fish suffocate and die• This process is called Eutrophication• Raw sewage pumped into rivers has the same effect The Influence of Human Activityonthe EnvironmentBenefits ... cars and power stations produces carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and other greenhouse gases• carbon dioxide traps heat in the atmosphere and causes the temperature of the earth to rise.•...
... proposed for the binding of the SRL to the active site of RTA in which the principal difference lies in the conformation of the second ÔGÕ in the target GAGA motifin the 28S rRNA substrate. In one model, ... of RTA resulted in different effects on the activity of RTA. Whereas, one had no effect onthe activity of the enzyme (R258A), others reduced activity by one(R213A, R258D, R48A) or by two (R213D) ... hydrogen bonds to be formed between the base G4and the sidechain of Asn122. In the second model(Fig. 1B) the structure of the hexanucelotide is, on the whole, unchanged and the majority of the interactions...
... to the iron(III) of Fe(ToCPP)and Fe(ToCPP))13G10 The second part of our results concerns the binding ofimidazole d erivatives onthe iron of Fe(ToCPP) either alonein solution or inside the ... thisinhibition was due to the binding of the imidazole ligand on the iron atom. In addition, measurement of the kineticparameters for the oxidation of ABTS by H2O2catalyzed byFe(ToCPP))13G10 in the ... (Table 1). The bind-ing of the ®rst CN±ligand to the iron was thus more easy in the hydrophobic binding pocket of the antibody than the binding of the second one, most probably because of the steric...
... in a convex set X consisting of certain positive definite functions on the group. In our concrete situation, the elements of the set X are positive definitefunctions on U(∞), constant on conjugacy ... By Proposition 5.3 the kernel K describes the correlationfunctions of the L-ensemble in question. Onthe other hand, the same correla-tion functions are also expressed in terms of the kernel ... through the correlation kernel of the original process. Thus, one wayto obtain the correlation functions for the two-component log-gas is to apply the complementation principle to the (one-component)...
... that the TH valuereflects the fraction of ice-bound AFPs onthe flat iceplane. Indeed, TH increases in proportion with the total concentration of nfeAFP8, as can be seen inFig. 3A. The fraction ... AFP based on the ‘adsorption–inhibition’ model [3,4]. (A) Aconvex ice front is created after primarybinding of type III AFP onto the flat iceplane. (B) Overgrowth of the convex icefront, giving ... value. (C) Possiblesecondary ice binding of type III AFP onto the convex ice front during the annealingperiod (2–3 h). (D) AFPs bound onto the convex ice front narrow the growth area(dashed...
... 74thAmendments to the Constitutionand the recommendationsof the XIFinanceCommission.Further,CentralGovernmenthasbeenentrusting the implementationofvarioussocio‐economicdevelopmentalschemestoautonomousagencies/societies.Moreoftenthannot,CentralGovernmentschemeshavealsoenvisageddirecttransferoffunds ... of the audits by the CAG of India. On our part,one of the biggest limitations of not being able to reach the beneficiaries for their perception andverificationofdeliveryof the programmes,including the existenceof the communityassetsand ... SynergyandPartnershipbetweenSocialAuditandCAG’sAudit The Task Group isof the opinionthatrecognisingthatsocialauditsaffordanopportunitytostrengthen the micro level scrutiny of the programme planning, implementation andmonitoring,...
... iden-tified as the major and the minor forms of the holo-ACP structure, onthe basis of their percentage contri-butions (65% and 35%, respectively) to the overallstructure of the protein. The structures ... mCm, the two-state assumption for the unfolding reaction, and linear pretransition and post-transition baselines, which are dependent onthe concentra-tion of guanidine hydrochloride by the ... interactions, and the blue lines denote CH–O hydro-gen bonds. The 4¢-PP group is linked to the protein by the Ser37 O-c atom. Only residues 31–38 of the protein make extensive contactswith the cofactor....
... cloned through the flanking NcoI and XhoI restrictionsites into the expression vector pET28a. The sequences of the constructions were verified by DNA sequencing. The primer pairs for the cloning ... column, the highest inhibi-tory activity was found in the unbound fraction (datanot shown). The unbound fraction was then furtherpurified on a Superdex-75 column (Fig. 2A) and then on a Hamilton ... fractionswere finally obtained and assayed for their inhibitory activity. Among them, the major fractions P2, P3 andP4 have a strong inhibitory activity against furin. The homogeneity of the three...
... record, as contained in papers published onthe WGIG web site and in e-mails exchanged among the members of the group. A concluding section provides some personal views onthe principal themes that ... in the consultations. By April 2005 theGroup had started talking about recommendations, but the real discussion was to be at the final June meeting. Usually thegroup met in the United Nations’ ... that they had to listen and respond to the doubts and questions raised. Instead of talking at one another, the members started talking with one another. The members of thegroup were there...
... both the ini-tiation and elongation of DNA replication [13], andthese proteins migrate onthe genome together with the replication forks [14,15]. One of the intricacies relatedto the function ... solution (0.4 lL) containing or lackingheliquinomycin was added to the reaction mixture. The final con-centrations of heliquinomycin added to the reaction mixture areindicated at the top. The ... DNA was considered to be100% in the control reaction mixture lacking heliquinomycin, and the proportions in the mixtures containing heliquinomycin were cal-culated in relation to the control...
... Fig. 1 onthe oxidation of exo-genous NADH as the expression of theactivity of the complete system.Discussion The data presented provide new insights into the roleof magnesium ions in the permeability ... provides direct evidence that, inthese latter conditions, the addition of magnesiummimics the results obtained with the addition ofcyto-c, the only difference being that the potentialis lower and ... mitochondria, activates the oxida-tion of extramitochondrial NADH and the generation of a membranepotential, both linked to theactivity of the cytosolic NADH/cyto-c electrontransport pathway. The...
... agreement with the reduced DMA of the AMY1 Y380A ‘sugar tongs’mutant, these effects may stem from allosteric regula-tion. The mutational analysis of the ‘sugar tongs’ in barleyAMY1 explored the role ... Thisis the first demonstration of a function for a C domainfrom the large GH clan-H. The work contributes to the unraveling of the molecular basis of multivalentenzyme–polysaccharide interactions. ... connects b5 and a5 of the catalytic (b ⁄ a)8-barrelat the end of the aglycon-binding area of the active sitecleft. Earlier, significant deviation was found in thisregion between the backbone...