... of integer powers of the values.Best known is the mean of the values x1, ,xN,x=1NNj=1xj(14.1.1)which estimates the value around which central clustering occurs. Note the use of an ... tendency, the moments of a distribution, the median and mode. In §14.2 we learn to test whether different datasets are drawn from distributions with different values of these measures of centraltendency. ... 1974,Applied Statistics: Analysis of Variance and Regression(NewYork: Wiley).14.1 Moments of a Distribution: Mean,Variance, Skewness, and So ForthWhen a set of values has a sufficientlystrongcentral...
... of integer powers of the values.Best known is the mean of the values x1, ,xN,x=1NNj=1xj(14.1.1)which estimates the value around which central clustering occurs. Note the use of an ... the mean is not the only available estimator of this614Chapter 14. Statistical Descriptionof DataSample page from NUMERICAL RECIPES IN C: THE ART OF SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING (ISBN 0-521-43108-5)Copyright ... (14.1.13)The median of a distribution is estimated from a sample of values x1, ,xNby finding that value xiwhich has equal numbers of values above it and belowit. Of course, this is not...
... for computing the mean and variance of a set of numbers,620Chapter 14. Statistical Descriptionof DataSample page from NUMERICAL RECIPES IN C: THE ART OF SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING (ISBN 0-521-43108-5)Copyright ... of research: Are the visible starsdistributed uniformly in the sky? (That is, is the distribution of stars as a function of declination — position in the sky — the same as the distribution of ... function of declination?) Are educational patterns the same in Brooklyn as in theBronx? (That is, are the distributions of people as a function of last-grade-attendedthe same?) Do two brands of fluorescent...
... collected in such a way that the sum of the Ri’s is necessarilyequal to the sum of Si’s, then the number of degrees of freedom is equal to oneless than the number of bins, NB− 1 (that is, knstrn ... then the number of degrees of freedom is NB− 1. If he takes his data tobe all the birds he saw on a random sample of days, the same days in each year, thenthe number of degrees of freedom is ... limiting valuesQKS(0) = 1 QKS(∞)=0 (14.3.8)In terms of this function, the significance level of an observed value of D (asa disproof of the null hypothesis that the distributions are the same)...
... . .1.red# of red malesN11# of red femalesN21# of green femalesN22# of green malesN12# of malesN1⋅# of femalesN2⋅2.green# of redN⋅1# of greenN⋅2total ... entropyhx of the x distribution, theentropyhy of the y distribution, the entropyhygx of y given x,theentropyhxgy of x given y,the dependencyuygx of y on x (eq. 14.4.15), the dependencyuxgy of ... number of events, the sum of all the Nij’s. Let Ni·denote the number of events for which the first variable x takes on its ith valueregardless of the value of y; N·jis the number of events...
... respectively, the number of data points in the measurement of r1and r2.All of the significances above are two-sided. If you wish to disprove the nullhypothesis in favor of a one-sided hypothesis, ... y)2(14.5.1)where, as usual,x is the mean of the xi’s, y is the mean of the yi’s.The value of r lies between −1 and 1, inclusive. It takes on a value of 1,termed“complete positive correlation,” ... concept of nonparametric correlation is this: If we replace the value of each xiby the value of its rank among all the other xi’s in the sample, thatis, 1, 2, 3, ,N, then the resulting list of...
... relative ordering of the ranks of the two x’s is opposite from the relative ordering of the ranks of thetwo y’s. If there is a tie in either the ranks of the two x’s or the ranks of the twoy’s, ... (j=1;j<=n;j++) Sum the squared difference of ranks.*d += SQR(wksp1[j]-wksp2[j]);642Chapter 14. Statistical Descriptionof DataSample page from NUMERICAL RECIPES IN C: THE ART OF SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING (ISBN ... concept of nonparametric correlation is this: If we replace the value of each xiby the value of its rank among all the other xi’s in the sample, thatis, 1, 2, 3, ,N, then the resulting list of...
... tabulate Monte Carlo results for (what amounts to) thedistribution of D as a function of (of course) D,samplesizeN, and coefficient of correlationr. Analyzing their results, one finds that the significance ... through a forest of data points all with large error bars; or as a means of makinginitial rough estimates of simple parameters from a graph.In this section we discuss a particular type of low-pass ... fiby a linear combination gi of itself and somenumber of nearby neighbors,gi=nRn=−nLcnfi+n(14.8.1)Here nLis the number of points used “to the left” of a data point i, i.e., earlier...
... mode).S Correct the program.Software limit switchesFunctionThe software limit switches serve as limitations of the maximum traversing range of each in-dividual axis.2 software limit switch pairs ... (1st software limit switch minus)MD 36110: POS_LIMIT_PLUS (1st software limit switch plus)MD 36120: POS_LIMIT_MINUS2 (2nd software limit switch minus)MD 36130: POS_LIMIT_PLUS2 (2nd software ... plus)ActivationS The software limit switch monitoring is active in all operating modes after reference pointapproach.S The position of the software limit switches can be approached.S The 2nd software limit...
... windowaverage. One seesthat the window of width 33 does quite a nicejob of smoothing the broadestbump, but that the narrower bumps suffer considerable loss of height and increase of width.The underlying ... panels.) The widths of the bumps (full width at half of maximum, or FWHM) are140, 43, 24, 17, 13, and 10, respectively.The middle panel of Figure 14.8.1 shows the result of smoothing by a moving ... result of smoothing with a Savitzky-Golay filter of theidentical width, and degree M =4. One sees that the heights and widths of the bumps arequite extraordinarily preserved. A trade-off is...
... and salaries of workers (1% of wages) and employers (2% of payroll) with no support from the government. Though the office of health insurance is under control of the Ministry of Health, the ... reestablishment of the country. It is hard to look after old people, 80% of whom live in rural areas because of the increased number of the elderly and impacts of western lifestyle and negative effects of ... security, programs within the framework of hunger eradication and poverty alleviation goals, and forms of non-official social sponsorship. Social security operates based on the principle of...
... Sins of Software Security REVIEWS FOR 24 DEADLY SINS OF SOFTWARE SECURITY “We are still paying for the security sins of the past and we are doomed to failure if we don’tlearn from our history of ... who’ of software security. The 24 Deadly Sins of Software Security is a tour de force for developers, security pros, projectmanagers, and anyone who is a stakeholder in the development of quality, ... architect of the Security Development Lifecycle (SDL), a process forimproving the securityof Microsoft’s software.Howard began his career with Microsoft in 1992 at the company’s New Zealandoffice,...
... global revenue ofsecurity service providers in 2006 was US$ 7.5 billion. On the user side, 61 percent of the respondents in the CSI survey reported security costs of 0-5 percent of the total ... Aspects of Network Security: Malware and Spam www.itu.int/ITU-D/cyb/cybersecurity/docs/itu-study-financial-aspects -of- malware-and-spam.pdf 9 3.2. The role of botnets Three principal types of ... Financial Aspects of Network Security: Malware and Spam www.itu.int/ITU-D/cyb/cybersecurity/docs/itu-study-financial-aspects -of- malware-and-spam.pdf 27 More than 80 percent of all spam in circulation...