... computer programs. Allprogramming languages are formal languages.natural language: Any of the languages people speak that have evolved nat-urally.portability: A property of a program that can run ... seen are declarations, assignments, and print state-ments.declaration: A statement that creates a new variable and determines its type.assignment: A statement that assigns a value toa variable.expression: ... simplest way to convert a floating-point value to an integer is to use a typecast. Typecasting is so called because it allows you to take a value thatbelongs to one type and “cast” it into another...
... diagrams To keep track of which variables can be used where, it is sometimes useful to draw a stackdiagram. Like state diagrams, stack diagrams show the value of each variable, but theyalso show ... the syntactic structure of a program, analogous to a word in a natural language.parse: To examine a program and analyze the syntactic structure.print statement: An instruction that causes the ... program that makes it do something other than what the programmer intended.natural language: Any one of the languages that people speak that evolved naturally.formal language: Any one of the languages...
... to as “machine languages” or “assembly 22 Variables, expressions and sta tements 20 Variables, expressions and sta tementsFor this reason, it is a good idea to add notes to your programs to ... floating-point. 2. 6 Operators and operands 17 2. 6 Operators and operandsOperators are special symbols that represent computations like addition andmultiplication. The values the operator uses are called ... thanwhat the programmer intended.semantics: The meaning of a program.natural language: Any one of the languages that people speak that evolvednaturally.formal language: Any one of the languages...
... internal controls rests with the board of directors, both as a mat-ter of common sense and as a matter of policy. Boards have a com-parative informational advantage and greater motivation to policemanagerial ... than a year is treated as capital gains at rates no higher than 20 %.Stock buybacks are not always what they seem. They reduce thenumber of a company’s shares outstanding, thus increasing earningsper ... “performance is measured against how theworld turned out to be how well a business anticipated change anddealt with it—rather than against some ‘plan’ or internal numbernegotiated a year earlier.”Speed...
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