... also introduce a non-defining (co-ordinate) clause. Such
clause differ from all other relative clause, however, in that way they can
precede the main clause, as well as interrupting or following ... structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the
source language text, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and then
reconstructing this same meaning using the lexicon ...
etc.
- Identify cultural references in the choice of words in the text.
1.2.4.2: Researching skill
Translators are advised to use the following basic researching tips:
- Use bilingual dictionaries...
... there is no predefined
MA) into the metadirectory.
!
Use template language to create Parsing and Construction templates to
import the connected directory datainto the metadirectory.
Prerequisites ... B: Creating Templates to Import Datainto the Metadirectory
BETA MATERIALS FOR MICROSOFT CERTIFIED TRAINER PREPARATION PURPOSES ONLY
Exercise 2
Updating the Connector Namespace
Scenario ... check box, click
Add, and then click OK.
5.
Modify the MA control
script to use the Visual
Basic custom discovery
procedure.
a.
On the MA Control Script tab, right-click in the data box,...
... an individual category. The area displayed for each category is pro-
portional to the number in that category. A pie chart is constructed by dividing
a circle into sectors, with each sector ... http://www.simpopdf.com
17
Chapter 3 Displaying univariate
categorical data
3.1 Describing categorical data
This chapter will concentrate on appropriate ways of displaying categorical
data; that is data ... it show the frequency in each stem but that it
retains the individual values of the data.
4.5 Histograms
A common method for displaying continuous data is a histogram. In order to
construct...
... Library
Set by Charon Tec Ltd (A Macmillan Company), Chennai, India
Printed and bound in Singapore by Utopia Press Pte Ltd
Commissioning Editor: Mary Banks
Editorial Assistant: Victoria Pittman
Development ... always check that any product mentioned
in this publication is used in accordance with the prescribing information prepared by the
manufacturers. The author and the publishers do not accept responsibility ... an imprint of the BMJ Publishing Group Limited, used under licence
Blackwell Publishing, Inc., 350 Main Street, Malden, Massachusetts 02148-5020, USA
Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 9600 Garsington Road,...
... together this information into
a single volume and provide clear accessible advice for both researchers, and
students alike.
Well-displayed data can clearly illuminate and enhance the interpretation ... are others. Data are either
categorical or quantitative. Data are described as categorical when they can
Contents
Preface, vii
1 Introduction todata display, 1
2 Howto display data badly, ... even in major medical journals. While there is already a wealth
of information about howto display data, it is scattered across many sources.
Our purpose in writing this book is to bring together...
... breast cancer and social class.
Quantitative data can be either counted or continuous. Count data are
also known as discrete data and, as the name implies, occur when the data
can be counted, such ... down a column than across a row.
4
However, it
2 Howto Display Data
be categorised into distinct groups, such as ethnic group or disease severity.
Although categorical data may be coded ... divided into either nominal or ordinal. Nominal data have no natural
ordering and examples include eye colour, marital status and area of resi-
dence. Binary data is a special subcategory of nominal...
... 1.1b conveys the data more accurately and succinctly.
1.8 Software
No single package can draw all the graphs necessary for displaying data.
Simple graphs can be drawn in Microsoft Excel. However, ... you
are better just showing the actual data, using a dot plot as described in
Chapter 4.
It is possible to become even more obscure by using a three-dimensional
chart and vertical axis that does ... London). Packages change regularly so we have not
given explicit instructions on howto draw individual graphs in particular
packages. The book simply outlines good practice for displaying data.
Box...
... (in £s), in 2004, of qualifi ed nurses/midwives
compared to doctors in training and their equivalents.
6
12 Howto Display Data
The baseline that groups are compared to can be further obscured ... different causes have been stacked
on top of each other for each year. In practice only the deaths from COPD
and the total deaths from all seven causes can be compared simply over time.
This is because ... with no intrinsic order to the categories, a particu-
larly good way to obscure any patterns in the data is to order the categories
arbitrarily, for example alphabetically. Figure 2.6 shows the...
... the chart
as a clock then it is good practice to always start at 12 o’clock and proceed in
a clockwise direction around the circle. Where there is no natural ordering to
the categories it can ... constructed by dividing
a circle into sectors, with each sector (or segment) representing a different cat-
egory. The angle of each segment is proportional to the relative frequency for
that segment. ... (X)
axis can be readily seen. Using the percentage scale the percentages in each
category can be easily discerned. Use of the percentage scale facilitates the
comparison of groups, as in Figure...
... (nϭ1745)
Ventouse
26 Howto Display Data
3.6 Stacked bar charts
As the number of groups to be compared increases, a clustered bar chart
can quickly become very busy and obscure patterns within the data. ... than using either colour or pattern.
The nice feature of stacked bar charts, which is lost in clustered bar
charts, is that it reminds the reader that since percentages are constrained
to sum to ... (nϭ1745)
(b)
Percent
Forceps
delivery
Vaginal
breech
delivery
Ventouse
22 Howto Display Data
individuals in this category compared to 2221 in the normal delivery category
and so vaginal breech births comprise...
... discrete data and as the name
implies occur when the data can be counted, such as the number of children
in a family or the number of visits to a GP in a year. Continuous data are
data that can ... data
This chapter will describe the basic graphs available for displaying quantita-
tive data. As described in Chapter 1 quantitative data can be either counted
or continuous. Count data are ... 28 Howto Display Data
References
1 O’Cathain A, Walters S, Nicholl JP, Thomas KJ, Kirkham M. Use of evidence based
leafl ets to promote infomred choice in maternity care: randomised controlled...
... it show the frequency in each stem but that it
retains the individual values of the data.
4.5 Histograms
A common method for displaying continuous data is a histogram. In order to
construct ...
construct a histogram the data range is divided into several non-overlapping
equally sized bins (categories) and the number of observations falling into
each bin counted. The categories are ... upon must be included in the graph. The choice
of number of categories is important as using too few categories results in
much important information being lost (Figure 4.6a); too many and...
... univariate count datausing bar charts as opposed to histograms
unless the number of categories is large enough to be treated as approxi-
mately continuous, in which case a histogram can be used.
ã ... reasonable to treat
such discrete count data as if they were continuous, at least as far as the sta-
tistical analysis goes. However we would recommend count data should be
displayed using bar charts ... each interval, since with this
method it is easier to work out the width of the interval (as in Figure 4.6).
Some intermediate interval labels can be omitted, to avoid cluttering up the
scale,...
... variables. Clearly, the systolic and diastolic blood pres-
sure variables in Figure 5.1 are positively correlated, and the correlation
coeffi cient is r ϭ 0.62. Technical details on howto calculate correlation ... quantitative information. Cheshire, Connecticut:
Graphics Press; 1983.
3 Morrell CJ, Walters SJ, Dixon S, Collins K, Brereton LML, Peters J, et al. Cost effec-
tiveness of community leg ulcer clinic: ... The data come from a randomised-controlled trial which aimed to
compare outcomes after two forms of surgery (carotid angioplasty (PTA)
and endarterectomy (CEA)) in patients with symptomatic carotid...
... describes the deter-
ministic part (i.e. contains no random elements) of the variation in the data,
point by point. In order to fi t a Lowess curve it is necessary to specify the
amount of data ... 5.1. In this, the correlation coeffi cients are
shown in a triangular display similar to the charts in road atlases showing the
distances between pairs of towns. The graphical equivalent, in Figure ... birthweight increases by 0.135 kg.
The intercept coeffi cient is Ϫ2.66. In most medical applications the value
of the intercept will have no practical meaning, as the x variable cannot be
anywhere...