... On the south ofthe Islamic empire the migrations ofthe peoples brought to our islands the Maori race, who made them their permanent home. On the north, the Christian faith took firm hold of ... were founded thefirst schools, thefirst printing press, thefirst theological college, thefirst library. Here thefirst bishop fixed his headquarters, and here he convened thefirst synod. ... memory ofthe white-winged ships ofthe Hollander, before they saw any others like them. At length, in 1769, there appeared the expedition of Captain Cook. England had now wrested from the Dutch...
... Economic Historyof the English Poor Lawexcess ofthe marginal product of labor, the effect of poor relief onmigration was small.Chapter 7 examines the effect ofthe New Poor Law on the agricul-tural ... revisionist analysis ofthe Poor Law began in 1963 with the publi-cation of Mark Blaug's classic paper " ;The Myth ofthe Old Poor Lawand the Making ofthe New." The work of Blaug (1963; ... loss of land. Chapter 2 surveys the historiography ofthe Old Poor Law, from the beginning ofthe traditional critique of outdoor relief in the lateeighteenth century to the development of the...
... to the +root+ ofthe word, which was intelligible to both of them, and let the inflexions slide, or takecare of themselves. The more theEnglish and Danes mixed with each other, the oftener they ... against them in a Litany ofthe time "From the incursions ofthe Northmen, good Lord, deliverus!" In spite ofthe resistance ofthe English, the Danes had, before the end ofthe ninth ... and of these written songs there are only two that survive up to the present day. These are the +Song of Brunanburg+, and the +Song ofthe Fight at Maldon+. Thefirst belongs to the date 938; the...
... called the fu)?ark (or futhark) after the first six characters. The Old English one is called the fufrorc. Thischange of name points to the major significance of runes for the student of Old English ... task of reconstructing the nature ofthe Old English language that much more difficult. Thus, in the areas which are the concern of this chapter, we have no equivalent ofthe Icelandic First Grammarian, ... tosuppose that Old English did, because ofthe weight ofthe spellingevidence and the difficulty of postulating a plausible series of soundchanges to produce the Middle English forms if the short diphthongsare...
... Old English. During thefirst half ofthe eleventh century there were furtherdevelopments which are usually regarded as being proper to the study of post-Conquest rather than pre-Conquest English, ... ignore the infinitive the alternation would be the same as in drifan, despite the fact that the original post-vocalic consonant was in the case of the former *[b], in the case ofthe latter ... declined like word, they need not be discussed. The neuters, like the masculines, are further examples ofthe simplification of the declensional system. But the motivation for the shift was not...
... method of representing the different causations of syncopeand apocope.3.4 Most introductions to Old English give a good overview ofthe principalfeatures of Old English morphology, and of these ... flights.where the Latin is Scipio p/urima bella gessit ' Scipio many warswaged'.In View Ofthe later historyofthe progressive in English, and the replacement ofthe BE + ende ... whether this is a result ofthe Latin or of the OE; however, when the two are distinctly different, we may assumethat we have fairly clear evidence of OE rather than of Latin structure.Where the...
... represents the exact words ofthe reportedproposition, and when the subjects ofthe main clause and of the complement are the same. It is only occasionally absent if the complement represents the words ... Jim to paint the kitchen ='She expected that Jim would paint the kitchen'. If the subject of the lower verb is co-referential with the subject ofthe higher verb, thenthere is no ... for-that they say these words PT they closehiera modes earan ongean 6a godcundan laretheir soul's ears against that divine teaching(CP 45.337.21)But the reason they say these words is that they...
... Only the meaning of a lexical item ofthe donor language istransferred to the receptor language, when either: (a) the meaning of some lexical item ofthe donor language influences the meaning of ... the kinsmen): ' Andthen they (K) offered their kinsmen that they might depart unscathed. Andthey (E) said that the same offer had been made to their (K) comrades, whohad been with the ... Wessex. The loans ofthefirst two periods had come into English mainlythrough the oral medium. Now they were more and more introducedinto the written language, before they entered the spoken...
... Marchand1969:15fT.). The basic criterion used here is the derived status of the determinatum and the function ofthe determinant as one of the arguments ofthe underlying predicate.2 Regular compounds(a) The ... monostratal because ofthe nature ofthe OE texts, which allcome from the same type of social group and represent only the writtenlanguage. At the same time this limits the dimension of& apos; attitude' ... together with other types of zero-derivation.Since the explicit morphological structure of such formations did notagree with their function, they were often reformed by either changingthe...
... additions to the Rushworth Gospels (Ral). As is the case forNorthumbria, no East Midland texts apparently survive the period of the Viking invasions of England.Since the texts ofthe period ofthe Mercian ... circle. The energy of our Germanic forbears derived from the discovery of the regularity of sound change; ours, from the correlation of patterns in the ubiquitous variation of living languages to the ... trace thehistoryofthe spread or decline of the selected features. They also hope to explain those changes by relatingthem to contact among speakers of different varieties, to the mobility of significant...
... Apollonius of Tyre and some saints' lives. The high period of prose came towards the end ofthe tenth century, with the work of the homilist ./Elfric, the acknowledged master of Old English ... ways, the traditional techniques of versecomposition both discourage the use of a variety of verbs and deprivethem of emphasis when they are used. One further manifestation of thisis the use of ... Alfred: the four works by Alfred himself (the Pastoral Care, the translation of Boethius' Consolation of Philosophy, the Soliloquies and the prose part of the Paris Psalter), the anonymous...
... Journal of theEnglish Place-NameSociety 5.15-731975. &apos ;The place-names ofthe earliest English records'. Journal of the English Place-Name Society 8.12-661980. 'Aspects of ... refer to the relative prominence of an item, most often a clause. In the following, thefirst clause is the foreground, the second the background: John sang while Donna played the piano.gap ... expression of case, mood ortemporal relations. Thus of the man is the periphrastic counterpart of the man's.phonaestheme A phoneme or sequence of phonemes which has the property of sound...
... Whereas the volumes concerned with the English language in England are organised on a chronological basis, the Englishofthe rest ofthe world is treated geographically toemphasise the spread ofEnglish ... in the areas of morphology, lexis or syntax either generally or in relation to the charting of dialects.1.2 The study of Middle English since the Second World WarSince the Second World War the ... comparedwith the majority of other European languages; in phonology the number of diphthongs as against the number of vowels in English English is notably high. In other words, synchronically, English...
... in the pronouns (singular vs dual vs plural) to singular vs plural, loss of casemarking, the subjunctive and so on. The most marked characteristic of the evolution ofEnglish morphology from the ... this. The treatment of morphology, however, will be rather different: for the bulk of the fifteenth-century developments are of a piece with earlierones, and English morphology by the 1480s ... radical modification of the borrowed forms, the sources tend to be other dialects ofEnglish (seeLass & Wright 1986). The peculiar type of borrowing involved in /oi ui/ and the fact thatit...
... be the same as the bare stem; merger ofthe original -endepresent participle with the -ing noun; and loss of the ge- prefix. All of these are virtually complete by about 1500. The story of ... with the general view (the 'London bias', 2.1.4) that the further awayfrom London and the southeast midlands a text comes from, the less is its directrelevance to &apos ;the historyof ... generalillustrations of what was going on.1 Grade reduction. The tendency was first to restrict the complexity of vowel alternations (e.g. by levelling the past singular under the vowel of the first- and...