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... latest version of the Javaprogramming language, which supports generics.Alas, in reality this isn’t the case. Millions of lines of code have been written inearlier versions of the language, and ... routine should work, returning false.In the case of addAll(), we should be able to add any collection that consists of instances of a subtype of E. We saw how to handle this situation correctly ... the erasure of the type variable.218 Class Literals as Run-time Type TokensOne of the changes in JDK 1.5 is that the class java. lang.Class is generic. It’s aninteresting example of using genericity...
... with some of the great software engineers of our generation. In the process, I learned a lot about the Javaprogramminglanguage what works, what doesn't, and how to use the language and ... rules of thumb, Effective JavaProgrammingLanguage Guide contains working solutions to the programming challenges most developers encounter each day. Offering comprehensive descriptions of techniques ... factory method is provided instead of the public static final field: Effective Java: ProgrammingLanguage Guide 14 As an extreme example of what not to do, consider this...
... with some of the great software engineers of our generation. In the process, I learned a lot about the Javaprogramminglanguage what works, what doesn't, and how to use the language and ... to help you make the most effective use of the Javaprogramming language and its fundamental libraries, java. lang, java. util, and, to a lesser extent, java. io. The book discusses other libraries ... as we did for Stack: Effective Java: ProgrammingLanguage Guide 3 Preface In 1996 I pulled up stakes and headed west to work for JavaSoft, as it was then known, because it was...
... III.PART IV.A Brief Historyof the English Language andby John Miller Dow MeiklejohnThe Project Gutenberg EBook of A Brief Historyof the English Language andLiterature, Vol. 2 (of 2), by John ... clutter.]A BRIEF HISTORY of theENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATUREbyJ. M. D. MEIKLEJOHN, M.A.Professor of the Theory, History, and Practice of Education in the University of St. Andrews, ScotlandBoston ... pairs. All of these are butdifferent modes of pronouncing the same word in different parts of England; but the genius of the language has taken advantage of these different +ways of pronouncing+...
... speak to the structure of earliersocieties and cultures, but there is nothing of comparable age to be foundin records of the language. To explore the historyof the language at thattime depth, ... the Koryo˘-sa( Historyof Koryo˘’) constitutes a potential source of linguistic information.In this 1454 official historyof the dynasty are to be found a wide variety of personal and place ... distinguish it from that of 漢, Ha`n.34 The formation of KoreanUnlike the literature of the Middle Korean period (or, of course, that of thetwentieth century), writings of the Early Modern period...
... the historyof the Spanish language. ’Ralph Penny, Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of LondonA Historyof the Spanish Language through Texts examines the evolution of the Spanish language ... tradition, and students of the historyof the language may thereforereasonably be expected to be in a position to engage in that discussion. Lastly,the languageof literature has often served as an ... any notion of the‘Spanish language . In the present day, the notion of the ‘Spanish language isoften used, with some justification, to refer to the standardised language that has of cial status...
... types of qualitative ablaut are less clear and of minor importance.The most frequently encountered type of quantitative ablaut consists of the absence of the vowel e found in e-grade. A root of ... will here be concerned with the arrangement of word groups.The basic criterion for grouping languages from the point of view of syntax is the position of the verb. Although the distinction is rarelyabsolutely ... different areas.This, of course, makes the task of reconstructing the nature of the OldEnglish language that much more difficult. Thus, in the areas which arethe concern of this chapter, we...
... for the later historyof the language. In terms of Old English,the new phonemes /J,tf,d3/ were introduced, as well as [9] as anallophone of /x/. The incidence and distribution of /]/ was alsoextended ... is. One of the consequences of this is thatthere must then have been a considerable rise in the extent of allomorphic variation in the language. Consider a word such as disc: theplural of this ... thecase of nearwe this is straightforward. In the case of nerian we can supposethat breaking was inhibited precisely because of the palatal nature of thefollowing consonant (as the table of...
... that it is part of the system of English, but alsothat **She has arrivedyesterday is not (** signals that the pattern is not part of the structure of the language, or at least of the variety ... followed by a sequence of papers in the periodical Language overthe next decade. Many of the papers espousing the traditional point of viewcan be found in Quirk (1968) and many of those attempting ... method of representing the different causations of syncopeand apocope.3.4 Most introductions to Old English give a good overview of the principalfeatures of Old English morphology, and of these...
... are made of stone.As might be expected, complements of factive verbs, i.e. verbs andadjectives that govern complements the truth of which is known (e.g.verbs of knowing, ... Traugott4.5.4 Clauses of purpose and resultClauses of purposes (also called 'final clauses') and of result (also called'consecutive clauses') share a number of properties. Both ... ( ) f>xt. An example of a purpose clause with the latter conjunction is:(200) Oft eac becymd se anwald }?isse worulde to swi&eOften also comes that power of- this world to verygoodum...
... meaning of a lexical item of the donor language istransferred to the receptor language, when either: (a) the meaning of some lexical item of the donor language influences the meaning of analready ... item of the donor language is translated intoa complex expression consisting of linguistic material of the receptor language. If the translation directly imitates the original, we speak of aloan ... Usually, one of the two languages,either that of the conquerors, but sometimes that of the conqueredpeople, will eventually prevail, but it will always exhibit deep influences of the other language. ...
... suffix, and com-binations of the type **prefix + suffix have never existed in English.5.4.1.2 Marchand (1969:2) defines word-formation as 'that branch of the science oflanguage which studies ... patterns on which a language forms new lexical units'. Applying this definition to a language nolonger spoken raises a number of serious problems.Firstly, there is no way of testing productivity ... the number of new formations occurringin texts of a given period, their semantic quality (i.e. their semanticregularity, homogeneity, degree of lexicalisation), the correlation of morphophonemic...
... dialectsSound changes inSmoothing of io of io of eo of eta of sea of loGmc a to IVelar umlaut of ecio to eoSecond frontingio to coVelar umlaut of /',a to ea toethe minorBlick.Psalter—————---—(1/2)—+e ... dialectsrelationships of the various elements of smoothing and velar umlaut aresummarised in the following table:Smoothing of /i: 0/Smoothing of /io/Smoothing of /eo/Smoothing of /sea/Smoothing of /ae:a/Velar ... North of England.The nature of non-northern varieties of Old English is attested by arather wider range of sources. Although there are no northerncounterparts, a substantial number of official...