... approxi-
mations for context-free grammars and equivalent
augmented phrase- structuregrammar formalisms.
The approximation is exact for certain context-
free grammars generating regular languages, ... relevant syntac-
tic and semantic regularities. Augmented phrase
structure grammar (APSG) formalisms, such as
unification-based grammars (Shieber, 1985a), can
express many of those regularities, ... the observation that many interest-
ing phrase- structure grammars have substantial
parts that accept regular languages. That does
not mean that the grammar rules are in the stan-
dard forms...
... 1981. "Unbounded
Dependencies and Coordinate Structure. "
Linguistic Inquiry
12, 155-184.
Gazdar, Gerald. 1982. " ;Phrase Structure
Grammar. " In Pauline Jacobson and
Geoffrey ... Hewlett-Packard's
Computer Research Center. The system's main
components are: a Generalized PhraseStructure
Grammar (GPSG); a top-down parser; a logic
transducer that outputs a first-order logical ...
research had three goals: (1) demonstrating the
computational tractability of Generalized Phrase
Structure Grammar (GPSG), (2) implementing a
GPSG system covering a large fragment of English,
and...
... which run different
types of grammars. Among them, the most
successful are the CF grammars, the
augmented phrase- structure grammars
(APSGs), and the semantic grammars. All of
them have different ... (1976), and its major improvements
are described.
It has been designed to run Augmented
Phrase- Structure Grammars (APSG) and
performs semantic interpretation in parallel
with syntactic analysis. ... VoI.I: Syntax.
Addison-Wesley.
202
AN
EFFICIENT CONTEXT-FREE PARSER
FOR AUGMENTED PHRASE- STRUCTURE GRAMMARS
Massimo Marino*, Antonella Spiezio, Giacomo Ferrari*, Irina Prodanof+
*Linguistics...
... learn more about gerunds later in this chapter.)
–
STRUCTURE: GRAMMAR AND STYLE
–
59
The TOEFL Exam Structure Section: What to Expect
Section II: Structure does not require you to actually write ... to $100.
–
STRUCTURE: GRAMMAR AND STYLE
–
65
4. A lack in folic acid, especially in early pregnancy, can lead to serious birth defects.
AB C D
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
Answers: 3-b, 4-a.
Grammar and ... ostrich is the fastest two-legged animal on Earth.
Parts of Speech
–
STRUCTURE: GRAMMAR AND STYLE
–
58
Putting It All Together: A Structure Practice Quiz
Answer the questions below. You will find...
... 2012.
c
2012 Association for Computational Linguistics
Robust Conversion of CCG Derivations to PhraseStructure Trees
Jonathan K. Kummerfeld
†
Dan Klein
†
James R. Curran
‡
†
Computer Science Division
‡
e
-lab, ... james@it.usyd.edu.au
Abstract
We propose an improved, bottom-up method
for converting CCG derivations into PTB-style
phrase structure trees. In contrast with past
work (Clark and Curran, 2009), which used
simple transductions ... inconsistencies.
Clark and Curran (2009) developed a CCG to PTB
conversion that treats the CCG derivation as a phrase
structure tree and applies hand-crafted rules to ev-
ery pair of categories that combine in...
... paper introduces an indexing method based on
static analysis of grammar rules and type signatures
for typed feature structure grammars (TFSGs). The
static analysis tries to predict at compile-time ... data structures is
therefore required. Indexing by static analysis of
grammar rules combined with statistical methods
also can provide a higher aggregate benefit.
The current static analysis of grammar ... information. Techni-
cal Report 140, SFB 340, T¨ubingen.
C. Pollard and I. Sag. 1994. Head-driven Phrase
Structure Grammar. The University of Chicago
Press.
I.V. Ramakrishnan, R. Sekar, and A. Voronkov.
2001....
... that it might be possible
to "infer" a
phrase s~ruc'~r,e ~
L,-,, jus~ the
grouping s~ruc~ure of ~he input (i.e., j us~
phrase boundaries). Pur~her, the set of
descrip~iuns ... of
~z~nsformations," ki~ic Analysis, Vol. 2,
1976.
[2] Gezdar, .G.J.M., " ;Phrase s-~,%~-%n0z~ grammar, " to
appear zn The Nal-ure of S},nr.actic Representation,
(eds. P. Jacobscn...
... a prepositional phrase as a complete sentence. A
preposition relates the noun or pronoun following it to some other part of the sentence
(see Lesson 14 in Part One, page 94). A phrase is a group ... takes an object, car,
like a verb.)
PROBLEMS WITH SENTENCE STRUCTURE 161
150 COMMON USAGE ERRORS
Lesson
20
Problems with
Sentence
Structure
There are three basic kinds of sentences: simple, ... directions say.
10. She listened to the CD player, she had earphones on.
PROBLEMS WITH SENTENCE STRUCTURE 167
8. Lying down in the wet grass.
9. Noticing a blind person on the corner of a busy...
... focus
of previous works, but also understanding
their semantic structure. In this work, we
formally define the semantic structure of
noun phrase queries as comprised of intent
heads and intent modifiers. ... (again for Movie).
3 Query Semantic Structure
Unlike database query languages such as SQL,
web queries are usually formulated as sequences
of words without explicit structures. This makes
web queries ... automatically makes such decisions,
we first need to understand what constitute the se-
mantic structure of a noun phrase query.
3.1 Definition
We let C denote a set of query intent classes that
represent...
... of adaptor
grammars, since the grammar can learn the possible
onset and coda clusters, rather than requiring them
to be stipulated in the grammar.
In the unigram syllable adaptor grammar shown
in ... an adaptor grammar that models col-
locations and syllable structure performs word seg-
mentation more accurately than an adaptor grammar
that models either collocations or syllable structure
alone. ... The
unigram morphology grammar tends to misanalyse
even longer collocations as words than the unigram
word grammar does. Inspecting the parses shows
that rather than capturing morphological structure,
the...
... lexicalized grammars many of
the elementary structures have substructures in
common. This means that in conventional pars-
ing algorithms some of the computation associ-
ated with different structures ... a precompilation tech-
nique for such grammars which allows some of
this computation to be shared. In our approach
the elementary structures of the grammar are
transformed into finite state ... elementary structures,
merging and minimising them, and string recog-
nition and parse recovery with the resulting
grammar.
1
Introduction
It is well-known that fully lexicalised grammar
formalisms...
... Combinatory Categorial Grammar, Lexi-
cal Functional Grammar, and Head-driven Phrase
Structure Grammar.
An SUG grammar is a set of partial descrip-
tions of phrasestructure trees. Each SUG ... about the phrase
structure of a sentence until this structure is com-
pletely described. This information is specified in
partial descriptions of phrasestructure trees. An
SUG grammar is ...
overview of Structure Unification Grammar, then
present the parser design, and finally a sketch of
its implementation.
STRUCTURE UNIFICATION
GRAMMAR
Structure Unification Grammar is a formaliza-...