... given in the InvA (e.g., verification ofthe legality ofthe AIF management company’s instructions) Impact on Taxation According to the reasoning ofthedraftofthe GIC, the revision ofthe German ... hedge funds, the term ‘fund of funds’ is used in thedraftofthe GIC instead of ‘fund of funds with additional risk’ However, it is not clear why thedraftofthe GIC permits, at the target fund ... only be professional investors within the meaning ofthedraftofthe GIC In contrast, in the scope of application ofthe Regulation on European venture capital funds (still in thedraft phase),...
... History ofthe People ofthe United States, vol iii, p 465 F J Turner, Rise ofthe New West, p 297 End ofthe Project Gutenberg EBook ofOutlineofthe development ofthe internal commerce ofthe ... Steel The development ofthe movement of iron ore from the mines around Lake Superior to the furnaces ofthe Eastern States was one ofthe most interesting features ofthe internal trade ofthe ... BETWEEN THE EASTERN AND CENTRAL STATES One ofthe notable features ofthe internal commerce following 1830 was the rise ofthe trade on the Great Lakes After the opening ofthe Erie Canal there...
... Scotland as "the record ofthe long resistance ofthe English of Scotland to England, ofthe long resistance ofthe Celts of Scotland to the English of Scotland".[4] Above all, the conception ... by the Picts of Galloway, and neither he nor any other exponent ofthe theory offers any explanation of their subsequent disappearance The history of Scotland, from the fourteenth century to the ... have an affinity of race with the Irish,[25] and the English historians ofthe War of Independence speak ofthe Scots as they ofthe Welsh or the Irish, and they know only one type of Scotsman We...
... thegeneral intellectual life ofthe age They draw one whole set of their formative impulses from thegeneral intellectual life ofthe age It is this relation ofthe progress of doctrine to the ... the decree of 1870 is viewed in the light ofthe Syllabus of Errors of 1864, and again ofthe Encyclical of 1907, or whether the encyclicals are viewed in the light ofthe decree, the fact remains ... realisation ofthe law ofthe moral world Kant's moral argument thus steps off the line ofthe others It is not a proof at all in the sense in which they attempted to be proofs The existence of God...
... year ofthe date of acceptance ofthe application and must place the property in service within three years from the date ofthe issuance ofthe certification The change would be effective on the ... or as a head of household The width ofthe phase-in range and the beginning ofthe phase-out range are indexed for inflation Hence, the maximum amount ofthe credit and the end ofthe phase-out ... ofthe certification have been met within one year ofthe date of acceptance ofthe application and must place the property in service within three years from the date ofthe issuance of the...
... ofthe Marshallian theoretical system Chamberlin’s theory of monopolistic competition Joan Robinson’s theory of imperfect competition The decline ofthe theory of market forms 8.2 The Theory of ... substitution of a specific theory by another, if the new theory integrates better with the rest ofthe theories making up the system Another type of progress of a system concerns the internal ... derived from the years ofthe high theory Then, strengthened by the formal elegance ofthe Arrow– Debreu–McKenzie general- equilibrium model, the theoretical versatility ofthe Hicks–Modigliani...
... law The theory ofthe ‘just price’, reduced to the communis aestimatio (common evaluation) ofthe normal price in the absence of monopoly, was derived from Aristotle There was also a theory ofthe ... price theory which, by virtue ofthe principle of ‘exchange of equivalents’, was connected to the cost of production and, therefore, mainly to the cost of labour A profit is included in the cost of ... property ofthe good And it is not clear whether the propositions concerning the value ofthe goods are of natural law, as suggested by the theory ofthe bonitas intrinseca, or should be reduced to the...
... the price–specie-flow mechanism, the quantity theory of money, the theory ofthe growth ofthe volume of international trade, and the explanation ofthe diminution of interest as a real phenomenon, ... capital Their propensity to save is zero, and they make no contribution to the growth ofthe wealth ofthe nation On the other hand, the workers only possess their labour Both the ability ofthe ... finally, the theory of profit as a residual income, are all elements ofthe first component The second component, on the other hand, provides the foundation to the theorem ofthe invisible hand, to the...
... the formation ofthe latter in purely subjective terms From the point of view ofthe history of ideas, the solution ofthe problem was impeded by the Smithian origin ofthe notion of ‘exchange ... explanation of wages, Mill’s theory ofthe wages fund is important for the explanation of profit and ofthe role played by capital in the production process From the point of view ofthe history of economic ... microeconomic components ofthe Smithian approach from the theory of surplus, the equilibrium approach from the theory of conflict; but they were ahead of their times We will discuss them in sections...
... relation to that ofthe capital invested to produce it In other words, behind the Marxian theory ofthe falling rate of profit lies the hypothesis of a fall in the output–capital ratio—a hypothesis that ... explanation ofthe value ofthe gross product and its aggregate components This is the reason why, in the whole ofthe first volume of Capital, where Marx studied the working of a capitalist economy at the ... and the ‘laws of movement’ ofthe capitalist economy The Marxian theory of cycle is based on two fundamental hypotheses: (1) Investment is an increasing function ofthe rate of profit (2) The...
... question of value is that the theory ofthe distribution of income becomes a special case ofthe theory of value, a problem of determining the prices ofthe services ofthe productive factors rather ... understand the operation ofthe economic system on the grounds of a theory ofthe behaviour ofthe single agents 5.4.2 The centrality ofthe theory of marginal utility in Menger To understand the terms ... the administration ofthe household, but that ofthe State; no longer the study ofthe causes ofthe enrichment ofthe individuals, but that ofthe nation, the people, and the merchant class...
... At the end ofthe First World War the third generation of Austrian economists came on to the scene There were two groups of scholars, one of which gathered around the key figure of Hans Mayer, the ... which the product increases with the timeinterval between the introduction of inputs and the production of output His explanation ofthe positivity ofthe rate of interest, based on the argument of ... to convince even the most optimistic ofthe depth ofthe crisis, they only had to look at the economy: the breakdown ofthe system of international payments, abandonment ofthe Gold Standard...
... cruse’: as the expenditure of each agent is the profit of another, the higher the aggregate expenditure ofthe capitalists, the higher their earnings will be The Marshallian element ofthe model ... on the distribution of market power among the firms ofthe sector Thus, given the degree of monopoly ofthe various firms, their cost curves, and their relative contributions to the output ofthe ... changes in the state of confidence ofthe entrepreneurs) and by the tendency ofthe bank rate to lag behind the natural rate The model had an enormous influence on the monetary theory ofthe early...
... labour, from the theory of public economics to the theory ofthe conflict of interests He believed that the study of ‘collective action’, i.e ofthe activity (and the apparatus) of ‘control of individual ... potentially, the market of other goods Therefore, the extension ofthe market’ depends on the division of labour just as much as the division of labour depends on the extension ofthe market Adam ... 1931 with the proof ofthe envelope theorem: the long-run average-cost curve is the envelope ofthe short-run average-cost curves The ‘U’ shape ofthe former was derived from the law of returns...
... reinterpretation of Keynes as a theorist of financial instability, an interesting theory ofthe crisis reminiscent ofthe earliest lessons of Marshall and Fisher At the centre of his theory is the Keynesian ... on the one hand, the implications ofthe ‘flex-price’ hypothesis for the predominance of supply (as against effective demand) in determining properties ofthegeneral equilibrium, and, on the other ... called the theory of ‘non-Walrasian equilibrium’ or ‘equilibrium with rationing’; but some people continue to call it the theory of ‘disequilibrium’, and others the theory ofthe ‘K-equilibrium’ The...
... depends on the characteristics and the history ofthe industry, the type of goods produced, the laws in force, and thegeneral state ofthe economic system In other words, the understanding ofthe specific ... to the behaviourial approach to the theory ofthe firm, of which we will mention only the book by R Cyert and J March: A Behavioural Theory ofthe Firm (1963) The central aim ofthe work of these ... and the choice of intervention strategies in the fight against poverty 10.3 The Controversy on Marginalism in the Theory ofthe Firm and Markets 10.3.1 Critiques ofthe neoclassical theory of the...
... games, the players understand the nature ofthe game; in perfect-information ones, on the other hand, the players know both the nature ofthe game and all the preceding moves ofthe other players ... work of Leontief and Remak In the same chapter we also spoke of Menger’s Viennese Kolloquium, and ofthe work of Schlesinger and Wald on the problem ofthe existence of solutions in the general- equilibrium ... production The introduction ofthe interest rate modifies the results ofthe theorem in the sense that there is a different price system for each different value ofthe interest rate The ‘dynamic’...
... assumes the form of a theory ofthe laws of movement ofthe capitalist mode of production The law of increasing relative poverty explains the tendency ofthe wage share to diminish in the long ... and capitalists Each of these wishes to increase the size of its own slice ofthe cake But the rules ofthe game prescribe that neither can take the whole cake Neither ofthe two slices can increase ... 501 developed in the ‘eighties: the theory ofthe monetary circuit and the analysis of structural change The theory ofthe monetary circuit develops the special Marxian view ofthe circular flows,...
... distribution of income, special case of theory of value 167 of efficiency wages, three principal ideas 369 ofthe entrepreneur 220 of exploitation, independent of labour theory of value 452 of falling ... value 59–60 theory of demand and 199 theory of value 10, 62 costs of production and 169 Florentine wholesale trading and tagging 26 theory of profit and 71 theory of wages, theory of income distribution ... non-substitution theorem 437–40 debate on theory of capital 440–4 production of commodities by means of commodities 444–6 theory of profit 74, 98 theory of structural change, cyclical and long cycles 502 theory...