fibre optic power transmission lines
Tài liệu Fibre optic communication systems P1 doc
... Calculate the transmission distance over which the optical power will attenuateby a factor of 10 for three fibers with losses of 0.2, 20, and 2000 dB/km. Assum-ing that the optical power decreases ... of an optical transmitter is to convert the electrical signal into optical form andto launch the resulting optical signal into the optical fiber. Figure 1.11 shows the blockdiagram of an optical ... Gb/s. Chapter 3 is devoted to a complete description of opticaltransmitters.1.4.3 Optical ReceiversAn optical receiver converts the optical signal received at the output end of the opti-cal...
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Tài liệu Fibre optic communication systems P2 pdf
... loss mechanisms in optical fibers.2.5.1 Attenuation CoefficientUnder quite general conditions, changes in the average optical power P of a bit streampropagating inside an optical fiber are governed ... used in the opticaldomain. It can also be used for wavelength conversion. FWM in optical fibers is some-times used for generating a spectrally inverted signal through the process of opticalphase ... fiber -optic communications.Several books devoted entirely to optical fibers cover numerous advances made in theirdesign and understanding [12]–[21]. This chapter focuses on the role of optical...
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Tài liệu Fibre optic communication systems P3 pptx
... 3. OPTICAL TRANSMITTERSacts as a bandpass filter of bandwidth ΩRto spontaneous-emission fluctuations. Ata given frequency, RIN decreases with an increase in the laser power as P−3at lowpowers, ... from the standpoint of their application in opticalcommunication systems [20].3.2.1 Power Current CharacteristicsIt is easy to estimate the internal power generated by spontaneous emission. At ... noise. From Eq. (3.5.30), SNR =[Cpp(0)]−1/2. At power levels above a fewmilliwatts, the SNR exceeds 20 dB and improves linearly with the power asSNR =εNLRspτp1/2¯P. (3.5.33)The...
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Tài liệu Fibre optic communication systems P4 doc
... theaverage optical power received. The average optical power corresponding to a BERof 10−9is a measure of receiver sensitivity. Figure 4.23 shows the receiver sensitivitymeasured in various transmission ... thenoise added at optical amplifiers. The minimum average optical power required by thereceiver increases because of such nonideal conditions. This increase in the averagereceived power is referred ... to as the power penalty. In this section we focus on thesources of power penalties that can lead to sensitivity degradation even without signal transmission through the fiber. The transmission- related...
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Tài liệu Fibre optic communication systems P5 doc
... cable carries the multichannel opticalsignal throughout the area of service. Distribution is done by using optical taps, whichdivert a small fraction of the optical power to each subscriber. A ... the optical pulse remains Gaussian,but its peak power is reduced by a pulse-broadening factor given by Eq. (2.4.17). If wedefine the power penaltyδdas the increase (in dB) in the received power ... uses an optical bus to distribute the signal to 10 users.Each optical tap couples 10% of the power to the user and has 1-dB insertionloss. Assuming that the station 1 transmits 1 mW of power...
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Tài liệu Fibre optic communication systems P6 ppt
... cascaded chain ofoptical amplifiers.6.5.1 Optical PreamplificationOptical amplifiers are routinely used for improving the sensitivity of optical receiversby preamplifying the optical signal before ... the gain,ωis the optical frequency of the incident signal,ω0is the atomic transition frequency, and P is the optical power of the signal beingamplified. The saturation power Psdepends on ... (6.1.15),246CHAPTER 6. OPTICAL AMPLIFIERSFigure 6.12: Variation of amplifier gain G0with pump power P0in a 1.3-km-long Raman am-plifier for three values of the input power. Solid lines show the theoretical...
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Tài liệu Fibre optic communication systems P7 ppt
... technique, a power splitter at the receiver splits the receivedoptical signal into several branches. Fiber -optic delay lines introduce variable delaysin different branches. The optical signal ... DCF provides an all-optical techniquethat is capable of compensating the fiber GVD completely if the average optical power is kept low enough that the nonlinear effects inside optical fibers are ... ManagementIt should be clear from Chapter 6 that with the advent of optical amplifiers, fiber lossesare no longer a major limiting factor for optical communication systems. Indeed, mod-ern lightwave systems...
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Tài liệu Fibre optic communication systems P8 docx
... signal is in the electric form for electro -optic demultiplexing but consists of an optical pulse train for all-optical demultiplexing.The electro -optic technique uses several MZ-type LiNbO3modulators ... case in which a tunable optical filter is used to select a single channelamong the N channels incident on it. If the optical filter is set to pass the mth channel,the optical power reaching the photodetector ... considerable power in the FWM component, especially at highchannel powers. In the case of equal channel powers, PFincreases as P3ch. This cubicdependence of the FWM component limits the channel powers...
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Tài liệu Fibre optic communication systems P9 pdf
... curvesshow the contribution of the Gordon–Haus jitter alone. Optical filters help in reducingboth types of timing jitter and permit transmission of 10-Gb/s solitons over more than20 Mm. In the ... semiconductor laser, followed by an optical bandpass filter [52].Phase modulation generates frequency modulation (FM) sidebands on both sides of thecarrier frequency, and the optical filter selects the ... stream in the NRZformat, to convert the CW output of a DFB laser into an optical bit stream in the RZformat [53]. Although optical pulses launched from such transmitters typically do nothave the...
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Tài liệu Fibre optic communication systems P10 ppt
... loss is equivalentto a 3-dB power penalty. Balanced receivers use all of the signal power and avoidthis power penalty. At the same time, all of the local-oscillator power is used by thebalanced ... local-oscillator power is used effec-tively. A single-port receiver such as that shown in Fig. 10.1 rejects half of the signal power Ps(and half of PLO) during the mixing process. This power loss ... seen by the detector (as the detector responds onlyto the optical power) and are not of major concern except for the chirp-induced power penalty discussed in Section 5.4.4. The situation is...
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Tài liệu Power Transmission and Distribution docx
... J. Power transmission and distribution/Anthony J. Pansini 2nd ed. p. cm.Includes index.ISBN: 0-88173-503-5 (print) — 0-88173-504-3 (electronic) 1. Electric power transmission. 2. Electric power ... apparent power. FromFigure 1-5 Power factor =wattsEI= cosθwhere E = effective voltage, I = effective current, and θ is their angulardisplacement in phase.Figure 1 -5. Power FactorA power ... distribution (and transmission) system which is dependent on current capacity. For the same currentand the same voltage, the power delivered is directly proportional to the power factor.BalanceOn...
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Karady, George G. “Transmission System” The Electric Power Engineering Handbook Ed. L.L. Grigsby doc
... CRC Press LLCSub -Transmission Lines Typical sub -transmission lines interconnect the high-voltage substations with distribution stations withina city. The voltage of the subtransmission system ... maximumlength of sub -transmission lines is in the range of 50–60 miles. Most subtransmission lines are locatedalong streets and alleys. Figure 4.8 shows a typical sub -transmission system.This ... two lines. This assures that the outage of a single line does not cause loss of power to any customer.For example, the Aqua Fria generating station (marked: Power plant) has three outgoing lines. ...
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