... EFFORT AND EXPENSE HAVE GONE INTO THE
DEVELOPMENT AND DOCUMENTATION OF SAP2000. THE PROGRAM HAS
BEEN THOROUGHLY TESTED AND USED. IN USING THE PROGRAM,
HOWEVER, THE USER ACCEPTS AND UNDERSTANDS ...
1 - 2 Overview of the Program
1
Overview of the Program
SAP2000 is a stand-alone finite-element-based structural program for the
analysis and design of civil structures. It offers an intuitive, ... spans
60 feet, and has a width and height of 12 feet each. The supports are roll-
ers at one end, and pins at the other.
The trusses and cross members are to be constructed of 2L4X4’s, while...
... Dimensions and tolerances – merge, selection, and snap
tolerances; font sizes; zoom increment; and others
Design codes and their parameters
Colors of objects and results for display and printing ... i.e., as data organized in a set of
tables with specified table names and column headings. These data
include the definition of the model and the results of analysis and design.
Tabular data can ...
objects and elements.
Groups
A group is a named collection of objects. It may contain any number of
objects of any number of types. Groups have many uses, including:
Quick selection of objects...
... an offshoot of the investigation of the corresponding
questions for nonlinear waves. The nonlinear problems required a more
powerful approach altogether, and eventually the possibility of using ... in gas dynamics led
to most of the fundamental ideas in nonlinear hyperbolic waves. The most
outstanding new phenomenon of the nonlinear theory is the appearance of
shock waves, which are abrupt ... addition to the original problems of water waves,
one of the main fields of application is the new, rapidly expanding field of
nonlinear optics. A selection of applications to both fields is...
... C(M),
independent of z
0
and u, s uch that
sup
P
z
0
(M)
u ≤ Cu
z
0
. (3.15)
Proof. It follows from Theorem 2.1 and the left translation invariance of ᏸ. The details
are contained in [3, Proof of Theorem ... norm (1.11)).
A. E. Kogoj and E. Lanconelli 13
4. Some examples
In this section, we show some explicit examplesofoperators to which our results apply.
Example 4.1 (heat operators on Carnot groups). ... solution
of (3.1) is constant at t
=−∞.
To be precise, let us fix the new hypothesis on ᏸ and give the definition of ᏸ-parabolic
trajectory.
Suppose ᏸ satisfies (H2) of the introduction and, instead of...
... from Theorem 2.1 and the left translation invariance of ᏸ. The details
are contained in [3, Proof of Theorem 3].
From this theorem we obtain the proof of Theorem 3.1.
Proof of Theorem 3.1. We ... solution
of (3.1) is constant at t
=−∞.
To be precise, let us fix the new hypothesis on ᏸ and give the definition of ᏸ-parabolic
trajectory.
Suppose ᏸ satisfies (H2) of the introduction and, instead of ... hypotheses (H1) and
(H2). Let Γ be the fundamental solution of ᏸ with pole at the origin. With a standard
procedure based on the Green identity for ᏸ and by using the properties of Γ recalled in
the...
... March 1999.
[7] I. Cox and M. L. Miller, “Review of watermarking and the
importance of perceptual modeling,” in Human Vision and
Electronic Imaging II, vol. 3016 of Proceedings of SPIE, pp. 92–
99, ... Research Center
and at GEC-Marconi Electronic Systems Corp. during the summers
of 1989 and 1996, and 1992, respectively. He has been a Consultant
of the industr y and he sits on the boards of several ... CTO of PixWave
Inc., Newark, NJ, between March 2000 and August 2002. His re-
search interests include sensor/ad hoc networks, cryptography, data
hiding, and data compression.
Linearand Nonlinear...
... structure—that character-
istic oflinearandnonlinear programming. Examplesof situations leading to this
structure are sprinkled throughout the book, and these examples should help to
indicate ... Types of Problems 2
1.3. Size of Problems 5
1.4. Iterative Algorithms and Convergence 6
PART I Linear Programming
Chapter 2. Basic Properties ofLinear Programs 11
2.1. Introduction 11
2.2. Examples ... Mgmt. Models and
Principles
∗
A list of the early publications in the series is at the end of the book
∗
1.3 Size of Problems 5
1.3 SIZE OF PROBLEMS
One obvious measure of the complexity of a programming...
... structure—that character-
istic oflinearandnonlinear programming. Examplesof situations leading to this
structure are sprinkled throughout the book, and these examples should help to
indicate ... analysis and on Newton’s methods which is frequently
used as the workhorse of interior point methods for both linearand nonlinear
programming. Finally, Part III now includes the global theory of necessary ... Types of Problems 2
1.3. Size of Problems 5
1.4. Iterative Algorithms and Convergence 6
PART I Linear Programming
Chapter 2. Basic Properties ofLinear Programs 11
2.1. Introduction 11
2.2. Examples...
... (5).
2.2 EXAMPLESOFLINEAR PROGRAMMING
PROBLEMS
Linear programming has long proved its merit as a significant model of numerous
allocation problems and economic phenomena. The continuously expanding ... Sherali [B6], Bertsimas and Tsitsiklis [B13], Cottle, [C6], Dantzig and
Thapa [D9, D10], Nash and Sofer [N1], Saigal [S1], and Vanderbei [V3]
2.5 An excellent discussion of this type can be found ... understanding of the result. The main
link between the algebraic and geometric theories is the formal relation between
basic feasible solutions oflinear inequalities in standard form and extreme points
of...
... viewpoints of efficiency and numerical stability, however, this pivoting
procedure is not as effective as the method of Gaussian elimination for general
systems oflinear equations (see Appendix C), and ... the cost of carrots as compared with the cost of synthetic carrots. If
carrots are food j, then the unit cost of carrots is c
j
. The cost of a unit of synthetic
carrots is, on the other hand,
z
j
=
m
i=1
c
i
y
ij
... simple, knowledge
of L and U is as good as knowledge of B
−1
.
Next, we show how the LU decomposition of B can be updated when a single
basis vector is changed. At the beginning of the simplex cycle...
... the use of Bland’s rule prohibits cycling. Suppose
that cycling occurs. During the cycle a finite number of columns enter and leave the
basis. Each of these columns enters at level zero, and the ... called the symmetric form of duality and, as
explained below, can be used to define the dual of any linear program. It is important
to note that the role of primal and dual can be reversed. Thus, ... obtained from the primal: interchange of cost
and constraint vectors, transposition of coefficient matrix, reversal of constraint
inequalities, and change of minimization to maximization; we see...
... x
3
=0.
∗
4.7 REDUCTION OFLINEAR INEQUALITIES
Linear programming is in part the study oflinear inequalities, and each progressive
stage oflinear programming theory adds to our understanding of this important
fundamental ... availability and is fixed. The second
constraint is determined by the availability of cotton. The net profits of the products are
2, 3, and 3, respectively, exclusive of the cost of cotton and fixed ... amounts
of m limited resources. Each unit of product i yields a profit of c
i
dollars and uses a
ji
units of the jth resource. The available amount of the jth resource is b
j
. To maximize
profit...
... complexity bound and is often used in linear programming software
packages.
The algorithm is based on the construction of a homogeneous and self-dual
linear program related to (LP) and (LD) (see ... for linear programming is to use
nonlinear programming techniques of analysis and methodology. The analysis is
often based on differentiation of the functions defining the problem. Traditional
linear ... extended to provide new
approaches to nonlinear programming. This chapter is intended to show how
this merger oflinearandnonlinear programming produces elegant and effective
methods. These ideas...