... conjunction with MDL, and also achieved the lowest description length. We haveshown that the combination of BVE and MDL pro-vides an effective approach to unsupervised word segmentation, and that ... corpus, we generated aset of candidate segmentations with PtM, VE, and BVE, as described in the previous section. Fromeach set of candidates, results for the segmentation with minimal description ... (Miller and Stoytchev, 2008) and MarkovExperts (Cheng and Mitzenmacher, 2005). Table 2shows the results for candidate algorithms as well asthe two other VE-derived algorithms, HVE-3E and ME.Algorithm...
... expression with one word only, and write the word in the appropriate space in thegrid on the next page. Each idiom / expression is explained in italics at the end of each sentence. The first and last ... way.Complete these sentences with items of food or drink, and write your answers in thecrossword grid on the next page.Across ( ı )Down( ij )Idioms and other expressions using food and drink213. ... verysimilar meaning to sentence (a). In each case, you will need to use a phrasal verb, idiom orother expression using pick. Use between two and four words in each sentence. 46Phrasal verbs, idioms and...
... productions X → e, f,where e and f are an aligned Englishand for-eign word pair (possibly with one being null);normal binary rules X → X(L)X(R), where the English and foreign spans are constructed ... si and sjrepresent English null and foreign null poten-tials, respectively.We evaluate our proposed alignments (a)against hand-annotated alignments, which aremarked with sure (s) and ... joint count of words (e, f ) ap-pearing in aligned sentence pairs, and Ce and Cfare monolingual unigram counts.We extracted such counts from 1.1 millionFrench -English aligned sentence pairs...
... Waters with Phosphorus and NitrogenSUMMARYRunoff from our farms and cities is a major source of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) entering rivers, lakes, and coastalwaters. Acid rain and airborne ... Restoration of wet-lands and floodplains is likely toincrease denitrification at a land-scape scale and to some extentreduce N pollution of lakes and rivers. Thus, wetland restorationmay ... turnwater a turbid green and coat shallower surfaces with pond scum. This increased growth of algae and alsoaquatic weeds can degrade water quality and inter-fere with use of the water for...
... of word “meal”in Englishand words relating to it in contrast with Vietnamese equivalentsaccording to meaningand function. From that we have deeply analysed and made clearly some fields of word ... methods as follow:_ Definiting wordandmeaning ._ Introducing lexical and semantic field of word. _ Analyzing the culture and linguist of the word “meal” in Englishand in Vietnamese equivalents._ ... meaning. _ Some information about lexical and semantic field of word, lexical meaning, cultural meaning. _ Cultural and linguistic analysis in Englishword “meal and its Vietnamese equivalents: “tªn...
... case characters, ignoring all words that con-tain digits or non alpha-numeric characters, remov-ing words from a stop word list, and filtering outlow frequency words which appeared only once ... (Pantel and Lin, 2002;Sch¨utze, 1998), there are other related efforts on word sense discrimination (Dorow and Widdows,2003; Fukumoto and Suzuki, 1999; Pedersen and Bruce, 1997).In (Pedersen and ... scores of feature subsets selected byF SGMM and CGD are listed in Table 3 and 4. The average accuracy of three procedures with different feature ranking and weighting method isgiven in Table 5....
... senses of a target word. Because target words are often proper nouns, their word senses are rarely listed in hand-crafted lexicon. In addition, since the Web is huge and contains heterogeneous ... Random sampling with EM, abbreviated as with- EM, is the variant approach where dmin in line 26 of figure 1 is randomly selected without using confidence score. Uncertainty sampling without ... Singapore, 4 August 2009.c2009 ACL and AFNLPA Combination of Active Learning and Semi-supervised Learning Starting with Positive and Unlabeled Examples for Word Sense Disambiguation: An Empirical...
... between sentence- and word- aligned train-ing material.5.4 Ratio of word- to sentence- aligned dataWe also varied the ratio of word- aligned to sentence- aligned data, and evaluated the AER and Bleu ... of word- aligned to sentence- aligned data500 sentence pairs2000 sentence pairs8000 sentence pairs16000 sentence pairsFigure 3: The effect on AER of varying the ratio of word- aligned to sentence- aligned ... of word- aligned to sentence- aligned data500 sentence pairs2000 sentence pairs8000 sentence pairs16000 sentence pairsFigure 4: The effect on Bleu of varying the ratio of word- aligned to sentence- aligned...
... similarity between words. Mu- tual information compares the probability of the co-occurence of words a and b with the indepen- dent probabilities of occurrence of a and b (Church and Hanks, 1990). ... prob- abilistic, it is enough to find only one parse tree with highest possibility. During the parsing process, the parser keeps the unexpanded active nodes in a heap, and always expands the ... would also tend to be concerned with finance and not rivers. Thus rivers would only have a relationship with the bank term and there would be no relations with other terms in the original...
... are at the centre of meaning construction, strugglingto make meaning out of strange and foreign words, and their dialogic meaning con-struction must be closely observed and addressed.Dialogic ... intent and the listener’s responsive-ness; these two elements are consta nt and stable and create original meaningful lin-kages within the given boundaries. These two entities, speaker and a ... dialogic meaning construction; and (e) ELLs’ critical reading tolearn. To understand how ELLs make meaning while reading stories, it is vital tounderstand when, why, and how they work within...