... 20-day-old
Caco2 cells were washed with serum-free DMEM/F12 and
incubated with or without 10
)7
M
SThinDMEM/F12for
9 h. Monolayers were then washed and re-stimulated with
fresh STh (10
)7
M
) in the ... as has been
reported earlier [31,35,36]. No fluorescence was observed
with cells incubated with GC-C:4D7 antibody preadsorbed
with the fusion protein comprising the kinase-like domain of
GC-C and ... cells fed with serum-containing medium
without ST. At various times after renewal of the medium,
cells were harvested and membranes subjected to Western
blot analysis and stimulation with ST peptide....
... con-
struction of meaning.
Goodman (1987) defined L1 reading traditionally as meaning construction.” Morti-
mer and Scott (2003) described the meaning- making process (interchangeable with
meaning construction ... and verbal
protocols, this study pursued two goals, namely examining English language learners’
meaning- making processes as they engage in reading activities and how they
construct meaning within ... students
were reading stories. Verbal protocols include think aloud (verbalized concurrently),
introspection (verbalized with explanations of the readers’ thoughts) and retrospection
(verbalized immediately...
... and verbal
protocols, this study pursued two goals, namely examining English language learners’
meaning- making processes as they engage in reading activities and how they
construct meaning within ... con-
struction of meaning.
Goodman (1987) defined L1 reading traditionally as meaning construction.” Morti-
mer and Scott (2003) described the meaning- making process (interchangeable with
meaning construction ... students
were reading stories. Verbal protocols include think aloud (verbalized concurrently),
introspection (verbalized with explanations of the readers’ thoughts) and retrospection
(verbalized immediately...
... systems with post-present reference 529
Chapter 11. Tense choice determined by temporal focus 571
Chapter 12. Preterite vs present perfect in clauses with temporal
adverbials 589
Chapter 13. Adverbial ... Williams.
The Grammar of
the EnglishVerb Phrase
Volume 1:
The Grammar of
the English Tense System
A Comprehensive Analysis
by
Renaat Declerck
in collaboration with Susan Reed and Bert Cappelle
Mouton ... comprehensive
analysis / by Renaat Declerck in cooperation with Susan Reed
and Bert Cappelle.
p. cm. − (The grammar of the Englishverb phrase ; v. 1)
(Topics in English linguistics ; 60.1)
Includes bibliographical...
... For some linguists, ‘strong verb and ‘irregular verb do not cover the same concept, nor
do the terms ‘weak verb and ‘regular verb . For these linguists, past tense forms like
set, spent, put, ... case the verb is a ‘copula’ or ‘linking verb (see immediately below).
1.13.2 The term ‘transitive verb does not cover one-complement verbs like
be, seem, become, etc. which are linking verbs or ... the af-
ternoon.
The four verbforms in (1) are absolute tense forms: they relate the time of
John’s being thirsty directly to the time of speech. In (2), the same verb forms
relate the time of...
... duration adverbials
1.46.1 A formal test to distinguish between bounded and nonbounded clauses
is the addition of a particular type of duration adverbial. A
noninclusive
duration adverbial
(answering ... collocating with a
(non)inclusive adverbial is usually considered to be a test for (a)telicity rather
than (non)boundedness: it is claimed that telic VPs and atelic VPs are only
compatible with inclusive ... speaking for hours. (nonbounded ϩ noninclusive duration adverbial)
#John was speaking in an hour. (nonbounded ϩ inclusive duration adverbial) (Note
that in an hour should be read as measuring...
... one associated with the lexical verb Ϫ is actually referred to.
Such verbforms establish a future domain but are not future tense forms. We call them
futurish forms. ‘Be going to ϩ verb may be ... le laitier [‘It will be the milkman’].
2.9 Future tense forms vs ‘futurish’ tense forms
Some forms in English have dual time reference: forms such as be about to, or the
present progressive in ... accords with the following observations. First, in Standard
English, the future perfect is nearly always formed with shall and will, very
seldom with be going to (as future tense form) and never with...
... associ-
ated with the lexical verb Ϫ is actually referred to. Such verbforms establish
a future domain but are not future tense forms. We call them futurish forms.
‘Be going to ϩ verb is a future ... Ϫ simultaneous with speech-time, in accordance with the meaning of
the present tense (viz. ‘The situation time is T-simultaneous with the zero-
point’).
2.56 Types of temporal adverbials
2.56.1 ... to do with
aspect, not tense. However, there are progressive verbforms when progressive
aspect combines with a tensed form.
2.52.3 Another debate about the number of tenses that exist in English...
... tense 203
tion, a place adverbial may sometimes give only a very general idea of when
the situation actualized. All that is required is that the situation can be located
with sufficient precision ... that the speaker wishes to communicate by using
the adverbial.)
(b) There may be other constituents in the clause that are pragmatically linked
with a particular past time.
[“I haven’t got any cash ... first is if there is a ‘continuative’ meaning (see 5.4.1)
to be expressed, as in Why have you been living in such a small house? The
second is when the meaning to be expressed is that of an ‘indefinite...
... car without showing courtesy…
9. Drop litter or spit…
10. Eat or drink while…
11. Eat with your…
12. Forget to say…
13. Greet someone without…
14. Hold hands or show gentle affection with ... restaurant.
…fingers.
…speaking with people you don't know very well.
…invited to an informal party.
…on their clothes or possessions.
with your shoes on.
with someone during a discussion.
…to ... alliance with other countries to defeat Hitler and the Nazis in the Second
World War of 1939 – 1945.
Exercise 1
: Complete these sentences with an appropriate abbreviation from the box. The
meanings...