efficiency and cost economy
Energy efficiency and cost analysis of canola production in different farm sizes
... Various costs Fixed cost of production ($ ha-1) Depreciation Land and water Total cost of production ($ ha-1) Total cost of production ($ kg-1) Gross return ($ ha-1) Net return ($ ha-1) Benefit to cost ... gross and net returns and benefit to cost ratio were calculated using Eqs (5) - (9) The fixed and variable expenditures included in the cost of production were calculated in detail The variable cost ... highest fixed cost in large farms and lowest fixed cost in small farms (Table 4) The total cost of production in medium farms was found to be as low as 907.6 $ ha-1 Also, in small and large farms...
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Tài liệu Energy Efficiency Improvement and Cost Saving Opportunities for Breweries pot
... public and private companies alike, increasing energy prices are driving up costs and decreasing their value added Successful, cost- effective investment into energy efficiency technologies and practices ... required to perform complex tasks, often improve product and data quality and consistency and optimize process operations Typically, energy and cost savings are around5% or more for many industrial ... kBtu/barrel and a payback of years or less (Burnett & Rolfe, 2001) Cleaning efficiency improvements An efficient bottle cleaning was installed by Brand Brewery (Wijlre, the Netherlands) In the Netherlands,...
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annual report 1999 holderbank by accelerating the construction of new cement plants and kiln lines we aim to strengthen market and cost leadership and enhance environmental efficiency
... Switzerland, Société Suisse de Thanks to the growth in sales volume and a Ciment Portland was merged with “Holder- solid reduction of variable costs in clinker bank” Financière Glaris Ltd and Portland- ... Thanks to advantageous cost structure s and optimal customer service, they performed well in their markets The outstanding re sults of our subsidiarie s in Mexico and Costa Rica and the first-time ... Innovative engineering set new standards of architecture 30 Financial Results and aesthetics and low investment costs Although the economy- related contraction in demand reported by several Group...
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Physician hospital integration and cost efficiency in US private hospitals in 1997
... 13 2.2 Cost Efficiency in Nonprofit and For-profit Hospitals 15 2.3 Team Agency and Cost Efficiency 18 2.4 Monitoring and Cost Efficiency 20 2.5 Cost Efficiency in ... input prices We can decompose cost efficiency into technical efficiency and allocative efficiency components Decomposing profit efficiency is even more exacting than cost 20 y denotes the output ... notation 24 efficiency Profit efficiency requires output-oriented technical efficiency, input-oriented allocative efficiency, and output-oriented allocative efficiency (Kumbhakar and Lovell,...
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EMPIRICAL STUDY ON EFFICIENCY AND SUSTAINABILITY OF SOIL PURIFICATION FACILITY FORDISCHARGED POLLUTANTS FROMROAD SURFACE
... Lower layer of weir (cm) (cm) (cm) Akadama sand (5) Pit sand (40) Pit sand (45) Journal of Water and Environment Technology, Vol.3, No.2, 2005 water and Overflow water were measured by a flow ... in soil 200 400 Days 600 800 Removal efficiency For the purpose of evaluating pollutant removal efficiency, Gross Removal Efficiency (GRE) and Net Removal Efficiency (NRE) were defined as follows: ... content in pit sand The initial nitrogen content of Akadama sand in Tank A was higher than that of pit sand of Tank B The nitrogen content in both Tanks increased with time In both Tank A and B, the...
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CFD for hydrodynamic efficiency and design optimization of key elements of SHP
... the operation and performance of turbines, and can cause dangerous hydropneumatic effects, such as noise and vibrations 1.4 Draft tube and tailrace Another challenge is to understand the hydrodynamic ... contracting and gives rise to new flow separation and thus to energy losses The formed vortices, which detach and disintegrate towards downstream, cause valve and pipe vibrations and give rise ... hydrodynamic flow configuration and the design of special hydraulic structures and devices, such as control discharge structures and valves to control the flow behavior and regulate the pressure are...
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Absorption/Variable Costing and Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis
... Planning and Controlling CHAPTER SUMMARY Cost accumulation and cost presentation are two dimensions of product costing Cost accumulation determines which costs are treated as product costs, whereas cost ... compare absorption and variable costing procedures and presentations The company employs standard costs for material, labor, and overhead Exhibit 11–3 gives the standard production costs per unit, ... absorption costing full costing 443 444 Part Planning and Controlling functional classification variable costing direct costing absorption costing method Under absorption costing, costs incurred...
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Tài liệu Budget and Cost Control ppt
... the benefits of budgeting? How would you prepare a cost/ benefit analysis for an automation system? Cost Control Stt English 01 What are some of cost- cutting steps you could take to reduce fleet ... determine the reason for the increase? What is the relationship between a cost accounting system and a budget? What benefits does a cost accounting system provide? You have been asked to recommend some ... you go about this? 11 12 13 Cost reduction is often associated with budget reductions What are some positive means of reducing costs? What are the factors involved in a cost/ benefit analysis? What...
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Tài liệu Macro-Finance Models of Interest Rates and the Economy pdf
... includes Ang, Bekaert, and Wei (2008), Chernov and Mueller (2008), Hărdahl and Tristani o (2008), D’Amico, Kim, and Wei (2008), Haubrich, Pennacchi, and Ritchken (2008), and Adrian and Wu (2008) 20 ... feedback between the real economy and financial conditions In many countries, the credit and housing boom that preceded the crisis went hand in hand with strong spending and production Similarly, ... (2006), Balfoussia and Wickens (2007), Wright (2009), and Joslin, Priebsch, and Singleton (2009) In contrast, other papers, such as Hărdahl, Tristani, and Vestin (2006), and Rudebusch and Wu (2008),...
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Tài liệu Energy Research at DOE WAS IT WORTH IT? Energy Efficiency and Fossil Energy Research 1978 to 2000 docx
... SUMMARY Realized Benefits and Costs Options Benefits and Costs Knowledge Benefits and Costs Economic benefits and costs Environmental benefits and costs Security benefits and costs FIGURE ES-1 Matrix ... private economy cannot reap and Realized Benefits and Costs Economic benefits and costs Environmental benefits and costs Security benefits and costs FIGURE 2-1 Matrix for assessing benefits and costs ... Energy Efficiency and Fossil Energy Research 1978 to 2000 Committee on Benefits of DOE R&D on Energy Efficiency and Fossil Energy Board on Energy and Environmental Systems Division on Engineering and...
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Tài liệu Production and Cost Analysis I doc
... The Costs of Production Costs of production in the short run are: Fixed Costs, Variable Costs, and Total Costs © 2003 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited - 30 Fixed Costs, Variable Costs, and Total Costs ... Fixed Costs, Variable Costs, and Total Costs Variable costs are costs that change as output changes, such as the costs of labour and materials © 2003 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited - 32 Fixed Costs, ... Costs, Variable Costs, and Total Costs The sum of the variable and fixed costs are total costs: TC = FC + VC © 2003 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited - 33 The Costs of Production Besides total costs, firms...
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Tài liệu Taxes and the Economy: An Economic Analysis of the Top Tax Rates Since 1945 docx
... 34 A B Atkinson and Andrew Leigh, “Top Income in New Zealand 1921-2005: Understanding the Effects of Marginal Tax Rates, Migration Threat, and the Macroeconomy,” Review of Income and Wealth, vol ... 46 A B Atkinson and Andrew Leigh, “Top Income in New Zealand 1921-2005: Understanding the Effects of Marginal Tax Rates, Migration Threat, and the Macroeconomy,” Review of Income and Wealth, vol ... tax rate and the top capital gains tax rate there seems 11 Costas Meghir and David Phillips, “Labour Supply and Taxes,” in Dimensions of Tax Design: The Mirrlees Review, ed Stuart Adams and others...
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THE EFFECTS OF MEGAMERGERS ON EFFICIENCY AND PRICES: EVIDENCE FROM A BANK PROFIT FUNCTION docx
... ADRroach Mergers and Cost Efficiency Mergers can potentially improve cost efficiency by increasing scale efficiency, scope (product mix) efficiency, or X -efficiency (managerial efficiency) The ... through increases in cost efficiency, profit efficiency, or market power in setting prices Studies of cost ratios and cost efficiency generally found that the potential for cost efficiency improvement ... The ROA and ROE ratios might increase llOther advantages of profit efficiency over cost efficiency are discussed in Berger, Hancock, and Humphrey (1993) 12See Berger and Humphrey (1992) and Rhoades...
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Military Jet Engine Acquisition Technology Basics and Cost-Estimating Methodology pdf
... Development Cost and Time Relationship: Performance and Schedule Input Values 66 6.3 Development Cost and Time Relationship: Technical Risk and Maturity Input Values 69 6.4 Development Cost Results ... (1970); Anderson and Nelson (1972); Nelson and Timson (1974); Nelson (1977); Nelson et al (1979); and Birkler, Garfinkle, and Marks (1982) are RAND studies focused exclusively on jet engine costs ... engine costs are Nelson (1977) and Birkler, Garfinkle, and Marks (1982) This report updates those earlier studies by incorporating cost and technical data on recent engine development and production...
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Efficiency Benefit-Cost Analysis pdf
... pollution costs etc What is the standard methodology? The efficiency benefit -cost analysis is based on the “with and without” approach Figure 1.1: The “With and Without” Approach to Cost- Benefit ... 5.1: The Efficiency Benefit -Cost Analysis Pricing Rule ITEM TO BE VALUED VALUED AT EQUILIBRIUM POINT ON A: DEMAND CURVE SUPPLY CURVE OUTPUT SATISFIES ADDITIONAL DEMAND SATISFIES EXISTING DEMAND FROM ... Price S P Ps Ss D Quantity/year Figure 5.8: Demand and Costs in the Electricity Industry $/unit Price, Cost D MC AC P Pm Q Output per year Figure 5.9: Demand For Labour by a Monopoly $/unit Wage WP...
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EFFICIENCY AND DISTRIBUTION IN CONTRACT FARMING: THE CASE OF INDIAN POULTRY GROWERS pdf
... of total variable cost The expenditure on chicks is about 20-22% of cost while other variable costs such as labor and electricity constitute only 3% of total costs Table 6 Cost structure of Poultry ... ratio of their feed cost and their feed-conversion ratio The above procedure assumes unit costs for feed and medicines are constant This is indeed the case as the feed and medicine costs are proportional ... be so because feed and medicine account for more than 75% of costs and as we saw earlier, total variable cost is linear in output For noncontract growers, feed and medicine costs work out to Rs...
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