... understand the basic characteristics ofdigital filters and familiar with
techniques used for implementing digital filters. Many DSP books devote substantial
efforts to the theory of designing digital ... characteristics ofdigital filters are often specified in the frequency domain. For
frequency-selective filters, the magnitude response specifications of a digital filter are
often given in the form of tolerance ... realizable. Instead we
must compromise and accept a more gradual cutoff between passband and stopband, as
well as specify a transition band between the passband and stopband. The design is
based on magnitude...
... V
p
is rather slow for a small L.
Therefore for a given transition band, the order of the Butterworth filter required is
often higher than that of other types of filters. In addition, for a large L, ... have
jH!j 3 0, for ! ! p: 6:3:15
This condition can hold for lowpass and bandpass filters, but not for highpass and
bandstop filters.
MATLAB supports the design of impulse invariant digital filters ... 0:5z
À1
:
The pole locations of the direct-form H
H
z are z 0:18 and z 0:695, and the
pole locations of the cascade form H
HH
z are z 0:375 and z 0:5. Therefore the
poles of cascade realization...
...
M1RI[M1R1
and
R1MI[R1M1.
Repairs
False
Positives
Pauses after
X (only)
and
FO of X less
than FO of 1st M1
.00
.58
Pauses before
X (only)
and
F0 of X greater
than F0 of 1st M1 ... disfluencies as to type and
frequency, and are investigating methods for their
automatic detectionand correction. Here we re-
port promising results on detectionand correction
of repairs by combining ... "no" and "well." And third,
we discuss how acoustic information can aid in
the detectionof word fragments, which occur fre-
quently and which pose difficulty for automatic...
... dotplot before
convolution; and (b) after convolution.
2.3 Convolution and local edge detection
Convolution is the method of choice for enhancing
and detecting the edges in an image. For noise ... (BCP) of noisy bilingual
corpora based on imageprocessing (IP) techniques.
By using one of several ways of estimating the
lexical translation probability (LTP) between pairs
of source and ... Gaussier and Lange
1993), and word sense disambiguation (Gale,
Church and Yarowsky 1992; Chen, Ker, Sheng,
and Chang 1997). Several methods have recently
been proposed for sentence alignment of...
... 23
2. ImageJ 25
2.1 ImageManipulationand Processing 26
2.2 ImageJOverview 27
1.3 Image File Formats 13
when selecting an appropriate file format:
Type of image: These include black and white images, ... possible without the
understanding and steady support of our families. Thanks go to Wayne Ras-
band at NIH for developing and refining ImageJ andfor his truly outstanding
support of the growing user ... directory.
13
www.eclipse.org.
14
www.netbeans.org.
15
www.borland.com.
16
Currently only for Windows; for MacOS and Linux, consult the ImageJ installation
manual.
1
Digital Images
For a long time, using a computer to manipulate a digitalimage (i. e., digital
image...
... 498
XLVIII List of Contributors
Michal
ˇ
Sorel
Academy of Sciences of the
Czech Republic
Institute of Information
Theory and Automation
Department ofImage Processing
Pod Vod
´
arenskou v
ˇ
e
ˇ
z
´
ı4
182 ... Prague 8
Czech Republic
Filip
ˇ
Sroubek
Academy of Sciences of the
Czech Republic
Institute of Information
Theory and Automation
Department ofImage Processing
Pod Vod
´
arenskou v
ˇ
e
ˇ
z
´
ı4
182 ... (MPEG), and ITU-T standardization activities. Peter Schelkens is
the Belgian head of delegation for the ISO/IEC JPEG standardization committee,
editor/chair of part 10 of JPEG 2000: ‘‘Extensions for...
... xix
1
Introduction 15
1.1 What Is DigitalImage Processing? 15
1.2 The Origins ofDigitalImageProcessing 17
1.3 Examples of Fields that Use DigitalImageProcessing 21
1.3.1 Gamma-Ray Imaging ... Fundamental Steps in DigitalImageProcessing 39
1.5 Components of an ImageProcessing System 42
Summary 44
References and Further Reading 45
2
Digital Image Fundamentals 34
2.1 Elements of Visual Perception ... Page iv
10
Image Segmentation 567
10.1 Detectionof Discontinuities 568
10.1.1 Point Detection 569
10.1.2 Line Detection 570
10.1.3 Edge Detection 572
10.2 Edge Linking and Boundary Detection...
... place of overlap be-
tween imageprocessingandimage analysis is the area of recognition of indi-
vidual regions or objects in an image. Thus, what we call in this book digital
imageprocessing ... 1.18
Images of the Crab Pulsar (in the center of images) covering the electromagnetic spectrum.
(Courtesy of NASA.)
1.3
■
Examples of Fields that Use DigitalImage Processing
21
FIGURE 1.17
MRI images ... of the digital computer. In fact,
digital images require so much storage and computational power that progress
in the field ofdigitalimageprocessing has been dependent on the development
of...
... profit, not for profit, nonprofit, government, and vol-
unteer organizations, and as a consultant to many major companies and organizations,
I have been able to see and try many strategies for ... participants actively
get involved in the exchange of information and in problem-solving, for example, use of
question -and- answer sessions and small group discussions in which several participants
have ... participants and their managers.
Because of the brain’s complex nature, presenting information through a variety of
activities, mediums, and senses increases the likelihood of comprehension and action
by...
... compare a pair of CFG filter-
ing techniquesfor LTAG (Poller and Becker, 1998)
and HPSG (Torisawa et al., 2000) described in Sec-
tion 2.2.1 and 2.2.2. We hereafter refer to PB and
TNT for the C++ ... CFG
PB
, and CFG
TNT
henceforth refer to the
LTAG extracted from Section x of WSJ and CFGs
approximated from G
x
by PB and TNT, respectively.
The size of CFG
TNT
is much larger than that of
CFG
PB
. ... al.,
1988), and Head-Driven Phrase Structure Gram-
mar (HPSG) (Pollard and Sag, 1994). Along with
the independent development of parsing techniques
for individual grammar formalisms, some of them
have...
...
$Cognitive and Computing Sciences, University of Sussex
Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK
*Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University
Ventura Hall, Stanford, CA 94305-4115, ... Ivan A. Sag. 1987.
Information-Based Syntax and Seman-
tics. Vol. I: Fundamentals.
CSLI Lecture
Notes, Number 13. Center for the Study of
Language and Information, Stanford.
Stuart M. Shieber. ... surprising, and in many cases do
not
fit in with the intuitions of the grammar-writers.
In particular, some of the paths are very long
(of length ten or more). Optimal sets of paths
for grammars of...