... No, on the television
B: 4 Okay.
This paper presents a computation model of Clark
and Wilkes-Gibbs's work on how conversational partici-
pants collaborate in forming referringexpressions ... constructs the
initial referringexpressions and how she and the responder
then collaborate in clarifying the referring expression until
it is acceptable. Each step of the collaboration consists ... CollaboratingonReferringExpressions
Peter A. Heeman
Department of Computer Science
University of Toronto
Toronto, Canada, M5S 1A4
heeman@ai.toronto.edu
Abstract
This...
... compositionality in mapping
descriptors onto surface expressions, assuming
conflations are not possible. A
value
cut-off is
carried out globally after a solution has been
found. This is done for ... combination
following the one chosen at the mother node.
The generation of boolean combinations is done
by the function
Generate-Next. It
successively
builds increasingly complex disjunctions of
descriptors ... Intention to Articu-
lation. MIT Press.
McDonald, D. 1981. Natural Language Generation as
a Process of Decision Making under Constraints.
PhD thesis, MIT.
Reiter, E. 1990. Generating Descriptions...
... carefully.
To design a mobile phone as an expressional means designing it on the basis
of a collection of generic expressions, that is, the expressions associated with
phones and phoning. To do this, we ... focus onexpressions as a leitmotif for our
road to understanding, not that we focus on the expressions of things as static
isolated items. Note the close connections between aesthetics on the one ... itself through its expressions. The expressions
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, Vol. 9, No. 2, June 2002.
From Use to Presence
•
121
Sketching a phone as an expressional in this manner...
...
gation; any combination susceptible to aggre-
gation will necessarily 'confuse' the objects for
which the aggregation holds when only one of
the objects, or co-aggregates, is mentioned. ... aggregation-driven
RE-content determination
In this section, we briefly summarize some more
significant examples of RE-content determina-
tion using aggregation. Length limitations will
require ... attributes. The one-valued context
readily supports the derivation of formal con-
cepts. A formal concept is defined in FCA as
an extension-intension pair (A,B), where the
extension is a subset...
... the Associa-
tion for Computational Linguistics.
H. Horacek. 2004. Onreferring to sets of objects natu-
rally. In Proc. 3rd International Conference on Nat-
ural Language Generation.
P. W. Jordan. ... 9th
Conference of the European Chapter of the Associa-
tion for Computational Linguistics.
D. Lin. 1998. An information-theoretic definition
of similarity. In Proc. International Conference on
Machine ... (Z) on propor-
tions of responses for pairwise comparisons.
Response frequencies across conditions differed
reliably by subjects (χ
2
1
= 46.124, p < .001).
The frequency of a + b responses...
... descriptions in
the WSJ where the following conditions (that ensure
that the referring expression generation task is non-
trivial) were satisfied:
1. The definite NP (referring expression) contained ... incorporation of relations. We present a novel
corpus-evaluation using referringexpressions from
the Penn Wall Street Journal Treebank.
1 Introduction
Referring expression generation has historically
been ... not consider relations
and the referring expression is constructed out of at-
tributes alone. The Dale and Haddock (1991) algo-
rithm allows for relational descriptions but involves
exponential...
... 'recursion' in complex noun
phrases and propose a solution in the context of
our algorithm.
Introduction
In very simple language generation systems, there
is typically a one-to-one relationship ... people seem to do when construct-
ing a referring expression: in particular, people
typically produce referringexpressions which are
redundant (over and above the inclusion of the
head noun ... we consider an
extension of our basic algorithm to deal with rela-
tions, and focus on an orthogonal problem which
besets any algorithm for generating DDS involving
relations.
Relations...
... identifica-
tion is not the only function of referring expres-
sions. Many analysis applications would benefit
from the automatic recognition of descriptive re-
ferring expressions.
Second, we demonstrated ... corpus
for the generation of referring expressions. In Pro-
ceedings of the 4th International Conference on Nat-
ural Language Generation (Special Session on Data
Sharing and Evaluation), INLG-06.
Jette ... above and beyond distinc-
tion. Here we focus on descriptive referring ex-
pressions, that is, referringexpressions that are not
only distinctive, but provide additional informa-
tion not required...
... constant K
ctxt
for context con-
struction. Depending on the size of this constant,
we may see an advantage of our algorithm in that
we only consider a single spatial relation each time
we construct ... descrip-
tions containing negated relations, conjunctions of
relations and involving sets of objects (sets of tar-
gets and landmarks).
5 Conclusions
We have argued that an if a conversational robot
functioning ... approach to context model construction
that constrains the combinatorial explosion inher-
ent in the construction of relational context mod-
els by incrementally building a series of reduced
context...
... STUDIES
BÙI HẢI SƠN
M.A. MINOR THESIS
AN AMERICAN – VIETNAMESE CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY
ON NON-VERBAL EXPRESSIONS OF DISAPPOINTMENT
(Nghiên cứu giao văn hoá Việt Nam – Hoa Kỳ
về các biểu hiện phi ... PRAGMATIC
FEATURES OF YES-NO QUESTIONS IN ENGLISH
AND CÓ - KHÔNG QUESTIONS IN
VIETNAMESE
(Đặc điểm cú pháp và ngữ nghĩa - ngữ dụng học của câu hỏi
có- không trong tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt)
Field: ... SEMANTICO-PRAGMATIC
FEATURES OF YES-NO QUESTIONS IN ENGLISH
AND CÓ-KHÔNG QUESTIONS IN
VIETNAMESE
(Đặc điểm cú pháp và ngữ nghĩa - ngữ dụng học của câu hỏi
có- không trong tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt)
Field:...
... study on non-verbal expressions of disappointment”. This preliminary study
tries to feature out the most common nonverbal expressions for disappointment in order that
a successful communication ... Classification of Nonverbal Communication
1.3.5. Nonverbal communication across culture
As shown in the discussion of differences between NVC and verbal communication,
Nonverbal Communication
Paralanguage ... meanings
conveyed in their interaction with the outside world.
1.3. NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
1.3.1 Definition of nonverbal communication
In the process of communication, people do not only send...
... VIETNAMESE CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY
ON NONVERBAL EXPRESSIONS OF DISAPPOINTMENT
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to investigate the most common nonverbal expressions of
disappointment used by ... principal conclusion was that people would communicate better when understanding
more about the host culture. One different conclusion was that the successful cross-cultural
communication did not only ... facial expressions,
gestures and postures. Another aim was to find out the similarities and differences between
their ways of expressions. Finally, the influential factors affecting the expressions...
... culture consists of traditional ideas and
especially their attached values; culture systems may, on the other hand, be considered as
products of action, on the other hand as conditioning elements ... punctuations. In this
paper, the author only mentions question mark, quotation mark and three-dot mark as three
typical representatives of this type.
4.2.3.3.1 Quotation mark
Quotation mark ... the verb. Thus, one of the reason people
sometimes misunderstand the information is that they find the wrong subject or, more
commonly, the wrong main verb.
33
(That is the reason why many Hanoi...