... the discourse segment
containing (U2) and (U3) is 'cut off' and not
available for further attachment.
Embedded within the expectation is an utterance
describing the ongoing planning ... found in a writ-
ten text.
extended in order to maintain a coherent discourse
structure for the modelling of the
producer.
Thus
rhetorical relations describing planning processes
are introduced. ... remaining part of the paper is organised as
follows. Section 2 contains a description of the ex-
perimental setting in which the example discourse
was obtained (Habel and Tappe, forthcoming)....
... relation in the wording rather than in the meaning.
somewhat different from reference in that another word
takes the place of the thing that is being discussed.
Types of Substitution:
Nominal
...
and an older waiter could close the cafe and go
home. He insults the deaf old man and is painfully
indifferent to the older waiter’s feelings when he
states that “an old man is a nasty thing.” ...
sentences to be understood as text.
Cohesion therefore defines a text as text.
Late in the early morning hours, in a Spanish cafe,
an old man drinks brandy. A young waiter is angry;
he...
... automatic
spoken language understanding in such a theory.
Most obviously, where in the past parsing and phono-
logical processing have tended to deliver conflicting
structural analyses, and have ... 153-198.
[5] Grosz, Barbara, Aravind Joshi, and Scott We-
instein: 1983, 'Providing a Unified Account of
Definite Noun Phrases in Discourse, Proceed-
ings of the 21st Annual Conference ... condition". For example, strings like
" ;in ten prefer corduroy" are not conjoinable:
(5) *Three cats in twenty like velvet,
and in ten prefer corduroy.
Since coordinate constructions have...
... with
“business”.
II.4.2. Grammatical cohesion
Grammatical cohesion can be defined as the surface marking in written discourse,
and between utterances and turns in speech. These links can be grouped into ... benefit much from them.
II . Discourse
I.1 What is discourse?
To answer the question, linguists have different ways of understanding and defining
discourse. Tradition linguists have concentrated ... Ben and (3) to Amy. Amy and Holly came to
meet Ben as Holly complained about her mother and Amy said that her uncle Ben can help.
Amy introduces Holly and Ben and during their greeting “you” indicates...
... devices in narrative discourse
How prosodic means in general and
intonation in particular become a cohesive
device in narrative discourse.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Cohesion in ... devices.
The demands of applying means of
cohesion to gain the best communicative
values.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
How reference, ellipsis, substitution and
conjunction function in particular ... and principle
RATIONALE OF THE STUDY
RATIONALE OF THE STUDY
The linguists has discussed and given
various concept about how intonation
and grammatical means as cohesive
devices in...
... Sidner theory of discourse
(Grosz and Sidner, 1986) to inform our NM de-
sign. According to this theory, each discourse has a
discourse purpose/intention. Satisfying the main
discourse purpose ... Grosz and C. L. Sidner. 1986. Attentions, intentions
and the structure of discourse. Computational Lin-
guistics, 12(3).
D. Higgins, J. Burstein, D. Marcu and C. Gentile. 2004.
Evaluating Multiple ... Bratt, B. Clark and S.
Peters. 2006. Responding to Student Uncertainty in
Spoken Tutorial Dialogue Systems. International
Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 16.
C. Rich and C. L....
... denote talking. Two (
dash
and
pop
) denote a
change of location. In addition,
flap
frequently indicates a state of swinging,
fumble
indicates a motion of the hands,
quiver
refers to shaking, and
puff
to ... words in
spoken English. In 4. 1, I will select these words by using the LLC. In 4. 2, I will
examine the usages of these words. In 4. 3, I will find the tendencies of the most
frequent and most ... frequent and most
onomatopoeic words inspokenand written corpus, in order to examine whether there
are any register variations.
Chapter 7 will present the conclusions of this study.
1. 4 Main Findings
The...
... do not know why I had
imagined him slender and of insignificant appearance; in
point of fact he was broad and heavy, with large hands
and feet, and he wore his evening clothes clumsily.
Corrective ... playing football and he kicks it and it goes through
there it breaks the window and they’re looking at it and he
comes out and shouts at them…
Endophric
Three boys are playing football and ... considerable power
And I could feel him swelling inside me, surging up out
of the Dexter-dark corners of my lizard brain, a rising
and swelling that could only end one way and that
being the case...
... requires joint
expertise in natural language processing and
speech recognition, and best practices in
language engineering for every new domain.
On the other hand, a statistical learning
approach ...
optimization, Springer-Verlag.
Povey, D. and P. C. Woodland. 2002. Minimum
phone error and I-smoothing for improved
discriminative training. IEEE International
Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal ... in
natural language processing and speech
recognition, and best practices in language
engineering for every new domain. In the past
decade many statistical learning approaches have
been proposed,...
... Hacioglu and W. Ward. 2003. Target word detection
and semantic role chunking using support vector
machines.
In HLT-03.
R. Higashinaka, N. Miyazaki, M. Nakano, and K. Ai-
kawa. 2004. Evaluating Discourse ... Understanding in
Spoken Dialogue Systems.
ACM Transactions on
Speech and Language Processing (TSLP)
, Volume 1,
1-20.
X. Huang, A. Acero, and H W. Hon. 2001.
Spoken
Language Proceeding
. ... evaluat-
ing spoken dialogue agents.
In Proceedings of the
ACL,
271–280
M. Walker and R. Passonneau. 2001. DATE: a dia-
logue act tagging scheme for evaluation of spoken
dialogue systems.
In...
... Randomly split the remaining data into an
80% training and 20% test set.
3. Run TiMBL with all possible parameter set-
tings on the generated training and test sets
and store the best performing ... such tuning.
Future work points in two directions: first, inte-
grating our methodology into working ISU-based
dialogue systems and determining whether or not
they improve in terms of standard ... Langkilde.
2000. Using Natural Language Processing and
Discourse Features to Identify Understanding Er-
rors in a Spoken Dialogue System. In Proceed-
ings of ICML-2000.
7 Results and Evaluation
The...
... 247–62.
Springer-Verlag,Berlin.
Robert Dale. 1992. Generating Referring Expressions.
MIT Press.
Barbara Di Eugenio. 1998. Centering in Italian. In
Marilyn A. Walker, Aravind K. Joshi, and Ellen F.
Prince, ... representation and use of
focus in a system for understanding dialogs. In Pro-
ceedings of the Fifth International Joint Conference on
Artificial Intelligence, pages 67–76, Cambridge, MA.
Peter Heeman and ... computational model for generating
referring expressions in a multilingual application do-
main. In COLING–1996: Proceedings of the 16th In-
ternational Conference on Computational Linguistics,
Copenhagen,...
... priority union
in
ALE
with the example in (15):
Source
is the de-
fault input, and
Target
is the strict input. The
hierarchy we assume is the same as shown in (3)
and (4). Information about ... Grammar
Working broadly within the sign-based paradigm
exemplified by HPSG (Pollard and Sag in press)
we have been exploring computational issues for
a discourse level grammar by using the
ALE ... 1984, Scha and Polanyi
1988, Priist 1992, and most recently in Priist, Scha
and van den Berg 1994). In
LDM
rules are defi-
ned which are, in a broad sense, unification gram-
mar rules and which...
... exam-
ple, in (1) in Contexts 1 and 2, I infers the bill is bad
for big business.
Consider again discourse (1) in Context 1. Intu-
itively, the reason we can infer
Result(a, fl)
in the anal- ... Beliefs and Intentions in a Changing World, in
Precedings of the
hal
Spring Symposium Series: Rea-
soning about Mental States: Formal Theories and Ap-
plications.
Asher, Nicholas and Morreau, ... Reasoning, in
Proceedings to the 12th Interna-
tional Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence,
Syd-
ney Australia, August 1991.
Asher, Nicholas and Singh, Munindar (1993) A
Logic of Intentions...