... s0/0/0
VLSM
VLSM in Action
VLSM and IP Addresses
Chapter6 VLSM and CIDR
Routing Protocolsand Concepts
17
Classless Routing Protocol
Classless routingprotocols include the subnet mask ... belonging to customers A, B, C, and D.
192. 168 .0.0/23, 192. 168 .2.0/23, 192. 168 .4.0/22, and 192. 168 .8.0/21 are all
subnets of 192. 168 .0.0/20
21
Any of these / 16 subnets can be subnetted further. ... networks—172.20.0.0/ 16, 172.21.0.0/ 16, 172.22.0.0/ 16, and 172.23.0.0/
CIDR
Route Summarization
Calculating Route Summarization
45
Route Summarization
Although 172.22.0.0/ 16 and 172.23.0.0/ 16 are not shown...
... 11 discusses the implementation and configuration of a link-
state routing protocol, OSPF.
46
Hierarchical
Design
Link-state routingprotocols such as OSPF and IS-IS use the concept of
areas. ... Implementing Link-State
Routing
Advantages of a Link-State Routing Protocol
Requirements of a Link-State Routing Protocol
Comparison of Link-State Routing Protocol
Note: Chapter 11 discusses ... vector routingprotocols (RIP), link-state routing
protocols do not send periodic updates.
OSPF routers do flood their own link states every 30 minutes.
This is known as a paranoid update and...
... communicate with any device on the 172. 16. 3.0/24 and
172. 16. 2.0/24 networks.
Ÿ R2 can communicate with any device on the 172. 16. 1.0/24,
172. 16. 2.0/24, and 192. 168 .1.0/24 networks.
Ÿ R3 can communicate ... its routing table that
l matches 192. 168 .1.1, which is the ping packet’s destination IP address.
R2# ping 192. 168 .1.1
!!!!
R2# show ip route
172. 16. 0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C 172. 16. 1.0 ... 172. 16. 2.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
C 192. 168 .1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0/1
3737
Observing Routes as They are Added to the Routing Table
l The debug ip routing displays routing...
... Exchange of Routing
Information
Routing Table Maintenance
Periodic Updates
Bounded Updates
Triggered Updates
Random Jitter
Routing Loops
Defining a Routing Loop
Implications of Routing ... receivesreceives
33
Routing Table Maintenance
Routingprotocols must maintain the routing tables so that they have the
most current routing information.
How?
Depends on:
Type of routing protocol ... pitfalls, and
Remedies to these pitfalls
Understanding the operation of distance vector routing is critical to enabling,
verifying, and troubleshooting these protocols.
13
Routing Protocol...
... Three classful
networks are used:
172.30.0.0/ 16
192. 168 .4.0/24
192. 168 .5.0/24
172.30.0.0/ 16
192. 168 .4.0/24
192. 168 .5.0/24
The 172.30.0.0/ 16
network is subnetted into
three subnets:
172.30.1.0/24
... 192. 168 .4.0/24
network is
subnetted as a
single subnet
192. 168 .4.8/30.
26
Verifying RIP: show ip route Command
R1# show ip route
<output omitted>
R 192. 168 .5.0/24 [120/2] via 192. 168 .2.2, ... set
C 192. 168 .4.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0/1
C 192. 168 .5.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
R 192. 168 .1.0/24 [120/2] via 192. 168 .4.2, 00:00:08, Serial0/0/1
R 192. 168 .2.0/24...
... 172. 16. 1.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 172. 16. 2.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
R 172. 16. 3.0 [120/1] via 172. 16. 2.2, 00:00:25, Serial0/0/0
R 192. 168 .1.0/24 [120/1] via 172. 16. 2.2, ...
routing table
Router# show ip route
172. 16. 0.0/24 is subnetted, 4 subnets
S 172. 16. 4.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0/1
R 172. 16. 1.0 [120/1] via 172. 16. 2.1, 00:00:08, Serial0/0/0
C 172. 16. 2.0 ... 172. 16. 2.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
R 172. 16. 3.0 [120/1] via 172. 16. 2.2, 00:00:25, Serial0/0/0
R 192. 168 .1.0/24 [120/1] via 172. 16. 2.2, 00:00:25, Serial0/0/0
R2# show ip route
172. 16. 0.0/24...
... In this example, the Cisco
numbers.
In
this
example,
the
Cisco
262 1 router has 60 ,4 16 KB
(kilobytes) of free DRAM used for
temporarily storing the Cisco IOS
and other s
y
stem
p
rocesses. ... memory. The sum of these
numbers is 65 ,536K, or 64
megabytes (MB) of total DRAM.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
16
â 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Management Ports
Routers ...
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
5
â 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
or is restarted.
Configuration register: 0, 1, and 2 and above
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
22
â 2007 Cisco Systems,...
... PC v4.0
Chapter 1
6
â 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Routing Table and CDP Protocol
When a router only has its interfaces configured &
no other routingprotocols ... using
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
26
â 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
5
routing
by
using
either the “undebug
ip routing command
or the “undebug all”
command.
Never use ... to the 172. 16. 3.0/24
network, with the default
g
atewa
y
IP address
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
16
â 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
gy
172. 16. 3.1.
–172. 16. 3.1 is router...