c for embedded systems programming

... to C necessary for targeting an embedded environment, and the common components of a successful development project. C is the language of choice for programming larger microcontrollers (MCU), ... instructions to the COPCR register. Interestingly, the COP watchdog is dependent upon the system clock; a clock monitor circuit resets the MCU if the clock stops, and thereby renders the COP watchdog ... manoeuvre. Programming the prescalar and starting the clock are tasks of the software developer. Knowing the processor clock frequency, and choosing correct prescalar values, you can achieve accurate...

... ensures that application source code can be recompiled for different microcontroller targets. Page 11 (c) Wait for keystroke (1) If key is pressed, wait for debounce period and check again. (d) ... 3.2 shows the COP8 vector table, as required for the COP8SAA7 device. The rank is as enforced by the VIS instruction. Table 3.2 COP8 vectored interrupts Rank Source Description Vector Address ... recorded in main (or data) memory: the Microchip PIC and Scenix SX architectures use a stack space outside of user RAM. It is important to check the depth of return information stored by function...

... 20 FreeSoftwaretoolsforembeddedsystems âCopyright2004ư2008,FreeElectrons CreativeCommonsAttributionưShareAlike2.5license http://freeưelectrons.com Jan24,2008 Platformspecifictoolchains(2) Coldfire CodeSourcery(supportsELF,GNU/LinuxanduClinux): http://www.codesourcery.com/gnu_toolchains/coldfire PowerPC CodeSourcery(supportsGNU/LinuxandEABI) http://www.codesourcery.com/gnu_toolchains/power.html ... 16 FreeSoftwaretoolsforembeddedsystems âCopyright2004ư2008,FreeElectrons CreativeCommonsAttributionưShareAlike2.5license http://freeưelectrons.com Jan24,2008 Standalonetoolchainbuild Buildingacrossưcompilingtoolchainbyyourselfisadifficultandpainfultask! Cantakedaysorweeks! Lotsofdetailstolearn.Severalcomponentstobuild (buildinggcctwice:onceforgcc+onceforcompilersthatneedtheClibrary). Lotsofdecisionstomake (suchasClibraryversionandconfigurationforyourplatform) NeedkernelheadersandClibrarysources Needtobefamiliarwithcurrentgccissuesandpatchesonyourplatform Usefultobefamiliarwithbuildingandconfiguringtools http://www.aleph1.co.uk/armlinux/docs/toolchain/toolchHOWTO.pdf canshowyouhowfunitcanbe! ... 15 FreeSoftwaretoolsforembeddedsystems âCopyright2004ư2008,FreeElectrons CreativeCommonsAttributionưShareAlike2.5license http://freeưelectrons.com Jan24,2008 FreeSoftwaretoolsforembeddedsystems GNU/Linuxworkstation Crossưcompilingtoolchains 9 FreeSoftwaretoolsforembeddedsystems âCopyright2004ư2008,FreeElectrons CreativeCommonsAttributionưShareAlike2.5license http://freeưelectrons.com Jan24,2008 uClibc http://www.uclibc.org/fromCodePoetConsulting License:LGPL LightweightClibraryforsmallembeddedsystems,withmostfeatures though. ThewholeDebianWoodywasportedtoit...

... instruction and data caches as well as the interface controller. Instructions for execution flow through the interface and into the instruction cache for execution. The interface controller maintains ... 32-bit architecture. The exception is the connection between the Stack cache and the arithmetic units that is 96 bits. This allows for long operands to pass from the cache to the arithmetic units ... of eEmbedded Kaffe systems The target architecture for such systems consists of a microprocessor running a Kaffe virtual machine, and a hardware processor consisting of a core from the ARM family....

... Design for Embedded Systems 1.1.1 Distributed Embedded Platforms Embedded systems are special-purpose computer systems that are inte- grated into products such as cars, telecommunication devices, consumer electronics, ... California Laura Barrachina-Saralegui Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona Centre Nacional de Microelectrònica Barcelona, Spain Olivier Benny STMicroelectronics, Inc. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada AlbertBenveniste Institut ... the direct application of the proposed approach for optical link synthesis and technology performance characteri- zation by analyzing optical link performance for two sets of photonic com- ponent...

... an abstract and a concrete GPC. Abstract components transform input VCCs into output VCCs, that is, they are characterized by a transfer function that relates input VCCs to out- put VCCs. We say ... Systems UT/LT Untimed/timed structural communication CDMA Timing approximate communication CAN UT Untimed/timed p-2-p communication AT Cycle-accurate communication CAN Refinement flow FIGURE 2.1 The communication refinement ... SystemC code. This code can be compiled for any host machine to be used for a target platform- independent simulation. Communication calls in the automatically created SystemC models are encapsulated...

... number of cycles caused by mispredicted branch and cache behaviors. At the end of each basic block, the generation of previously calculated cycles (static cycles plus correction cycles) can occur (Figure ... the processor. Annotation of C code for a basic block Architectural model C code corresponding to the cache analysis blocks of the basic block Cache model Branch pre- diction model C code corresponding ... a basic block Function call of consume function if necessary (e.g. before I/O access) consume(getTaskTime()); delay(cycleCalculationICache(tag, iStart, iEnd)); delay(cycleCalculationForConditionalBranch()); delay(statically...

... DDR for two considered system properties subject to maximization. Shared memory HW IP1 IP2 SigOut ECU1 eval1ctrl1 eval2ctrl2 calc ctrl3 exec2 exec1 mon2 mon3 mon1 Multicore ECU ECU4 CAN Bus C5 C4 C3 C2 C1 ECU2 ECU3 Sens3 Sens2 Sens1 Act2 Act1 ESP Parking ... in which both scenarios can impress load artifacts on the system. Each scenario is characterized by a specific behavior and is associated with a specific set of tasks. A scenario change (SC) from ... consequence of the echo effect, for the worst-case response time calcu- lation across the SC of the low-priority unchanged communication task C5 , it is not sufficient to consider only its activations...

... that each τ j is characterized by “best-case” and “worst-case” execution times, bcet j ∈ N and wcet j ∈ N, respectively. At the start of each new period, there is a nondeterministic choice concerning ... a collectionofcommunicating sequential tasks. Each task is characterized by four timing properties, described later. The dependencies between tasks are captured by an acyclic directed graph (called ... Network-centric system- level model for multiprocessor soc simulation. In J. Nurmi, H. Tenhunen, J. Isoaho, and A. Jantsch (editors), Interconnect- Centric Design for Advanced SoC and NoC, Chapter...

... Finally, customer-specific developments and controlled access to the domain- specific parallel subsystems will usually occur via this general-purpose processor and OS pair. ã Domain-specific subsystems composed ... improve- ment, wireless communications, and 3D graphics). ã Tightly coupled hardware PEs for domain-specific data processing functions. ã Domain-specific I/O blocks, which are becoming increasingly flexible. 7.2 ... Pallottino. A component-based approach to localization and collision avoidance for mobile multi-agent systems. In Proceedings of the European Control Conference (ECC), Kos, Greece, 2007. 3. T.R....

... processor p C comm is the communication cost required for the communication of task t with the preceding tasks C succ represents a look-ahead cost concerning the successor tasks, the min- imal cost ... and receiver (rx). The blocks tx_crc_0 (70) rx_crc_0 (70) rx_crc_1 (70) rx_vtd_1 (205) rx_vtd_0 (205) tx_crc_1 (70) aa a aa b bc bb b b ccd dcc aa b a tx_vtc_0 (75) tx_vtc_1 (75) tx_rm (40) tx_fi (80) rx_fi (80) tx_rfs (30) rx_rfa (30) rx_rm (40) tx_si (80) rx_rake (175) tx_si (80) tx_sm (170) M A C R a d i o i n t e r f a c e FIGURE ... tools for communications applica- tions, in Embedded Systems Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2004. 10. J. Hu and R. Marculescu, Energy-aware communication and task scheduling for network-on-chip...

... by Skillicorn Abstraction Level Typical Languages Explicit Concepts Implicit concurrency PPP, crystal None Parallel level Concurrent Prolog Concurrency Thread level SDL Concurrency, decomposition Agent ... Emerald, CORBA Concurrency, decomposition, mapping Process network Kahn process network Concurrency, decomposition, mapping, communication Message passing MPI, OCCAM Concurrency, decomposition, mapping, ... links Virtual architecture Data exchange, e.g., send–receive(data) Implicit tasks control, e.g., threads in SystemC Specific I/O protocols related to architecture Transaction accurate architecture Data access...

... space Application space Platform instance Mapped Function space Platform instance Mapped Platform (architectural space) Platform (architectural space) Function space Platform mapping Platform design-space export Function ... architecture, virtual architecture, transaction accu- rate architecture, and virtual prototype levels are described, respectively. 9.6.1 Application and Architecture Specification The H.264 encoder ... With permission.) Nicolescu/Model-Based Design for Embedded Systems 67842 _C0 09 Finals Page 253 2009-10-13 Programming Models for MPSoC 253 9.6.4 Programming at the Transaction Accurate Architecture Level Programming...