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handbook for electrical engineers hu (2)
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... case.
3.1.8 Instrument Transformers
The material that follows is a brief summary of information on instrument transformers as measure-
ment elements. For more extensive information, consult American ... instrument transformers, and auxiliary
devices. Further detailed information may be found in the Handbook for Electric Metermen, Edison
Electric Institute.
The practical unit of electrical energy ... instances, the
rms value of a voltage or current is required, since the transformation of electrical energy to other forms
involves the square of voltages or currents, and the transfer from direct...
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handbook for electrical engineers hu (3)
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... mechanical deformation of the alloy takes place
at a temperature of about 720°C. Mechanical deformation may be performed by warm extrusion.
Magnet size is limited by the amount of deformation needed ... unity for vacuum to slightly greater than unity for gases at
atmospheric pressure, 2 to 8 for common insulating solids and liquids, 35 for ethyl alcohol and 91
for pure water, and 1000 to 10,000 for ... Fire-refined copper is a lower-purity grade
intended for alloying or for fabrication into products for mechanical purposes; it is not intended for
electrical purposes. Casting copper is the grade...
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handbook for electrical engineers hu (4)
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... removal
of modules, and calibration.
Information Readout. The system readouts are to be designed to provide operators with accu-
rate, complete, and timely information. Consideration must be given ... produced for further fission action. For a 1300-MW (electrical) light-water nuclear
plant, a representative core assembly might involve 241 fuel assemblies each weighing approxi-
mately 660 kg, for ... the average lifetime of the neutrons.
Substituting for k
inf
and D gives
Substituting 1/ for Σ
␣
(1 ϩ L
2
B
2
) gives
The balance equation for the delayed group is
(5-14)
Substituting
gives
and...
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handbook for electrical engineers hu (5)
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... of part-load performance is shown in Fig. 6-16 for a combined-cycle plant utilizing four gas
turbines. Below about 75% load, a gas turbine should be removed from service for best plant efficiency.
6.3.10 ... HANDBOOK FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS
PRIME MOVERS 6-17
to h
1
− h
2
minus the small pump work h
4
– h
3
ϭ
3
(P
4
– P
3
)/J required, and the heat added to the
cycle is equal to h
1
– h
4
. Therefore
(6-4) ... a
high-pressure hydraulic system to provide the force required.
FIGURE 6-7 Mechanical governor for small
turbines.
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handbook for electrical engineers hu (6)
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... number of slots per pole per phase
g ϭ electrical angle between slots
q
s
ϭ electrical angle of skew
Here, the relevant angles are stated in electrical terms. The electrical angle is p times the physical
angle. ... construction.
The rotor body for a salient-pole machine may be a solid forging or assembly of heavy steel
plates, for high-speed designs, or a spider-and-rim assembly for low-speed designs. The ... transport loss.
7.9 TESTING OF AC GENERATORS
Tests are performed on generators to establish conformance with projected performance and
dynamic performance parameters. Details of such tests are contained...
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handbook for electrical engineers hu (7)
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... poles.
The oiling system for the bearings should be checked and the oil rings tested for freedom. The
entire machine, particularly its air gaps, should be inspected for foreign material.
Running ... coil
equal to 1 V for a change of 10
8
linkages/s (Mx/s) for
each turn of the coil, or E ϭ (⌬fT ϫ 10
–8
)/t V.
If the flux lines are deformed by the motion of the
coil conductor before they are broken, ... Institute (ANSI) C50.4 for dc machines includes lists of recommended tests for
dc generators and motors. The IEEE Test Code for dc machines covers recommended methods to be
used for these tests.
8.14...
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handbook for electrical engineers hu (8)
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... website.
Source: STANDARD HANDBOOK FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS
HYDROELECTRIC POWER GENERATION 9-21
If the combined turbine-generator efficiency is to be calculated, the formula may be changed to
where ... turbine for a given hydroelectric powerplant, it is important to consider
the efficiency performance of the various types of turbines available for the head contemplated. Not
only is this true for ... spillway, etc.
Bulkhead gate. A gate used either for temporary closure of a channel or conduit before dewater-
ing it for inspection or maintenance or for closure against flowing water. Bulkhead gates...
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handbook for electrical engineers hu (9)
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... correction of 0.4% of rated kVA for self-cooled transformers or 0.5%
of rated kVA for forced-air-cooled or forced-oil-cooled transformers for each 330 ft of additional
altitude above 3300 ft ... tables for normal consumption of life and for moderate sacrifice of life are
documented in ANSI/IEEE C57.92 for power transformers. Information is provided for situations
10-48 SECTION TEN
FIGURE ... generator-step-up trans-
former of moderate kVA. Most of the information is also applicable to single-phase transformers
with windings on two legs, 3-phase transformers with five-leg cores, transformers with...
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handbook for electrical engineers hu (10)
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... manifested in mechanical, electrical, chemical, and thermal forms—the latter being a spe-
cial form of mechanical energy. Energy may be converted from any of these forms to any other form
by one or more ... useful for planning pur-
poses, but being able to forecast the wind accurately for one or two days could provide a significant
economic benefit, allowing utility engineers to plan ahead for wind ... be classified as direct and indirect. Direct solar power involves only one trans-
formation into a usable form, for example, sunlight hits a photovoltaic cell to create electricity and
warms the...
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handbook for electrical engineers hu (11)
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... STANDARD HANDBOOK FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS
used to depict the use of each type of fuel. Coal, for example, would include track networks for
train transportation, river networks for barge transportation, ... Heat, Motion, Information
FIGURE 12-2 Electric supply chain model.
Generation
Stepup
transformer
National grid
400 kV – 275 kV
Stepdown
transformer
Industry
11 kV
Substation
transformer 11 kV
Distribution ... availability. The spot market is for immediate delivery
of the commodity. The forward market is for the near–term delivery of the commodity. The future
markets are for the financial hedging of the...
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handbook for electrical engineers hu (12)
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... of equipment that may not
work well for its application. By leasing, the lessee gets a chance to work with the equipment and see
if it performs as expected—before spending large amounts of investment ... having
cash available to use for whatever investment opportunity may appear in the future. Before one person
will lend money to another, the interest earned must compensate the lender for the unavailability ... installation,
and the lessee party pays for its use. Since the lessee must pay enough profit to the lessor for the
lessor to be willing to install the property for the lessee’s use, this arrangement...
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handbook for electrical engineers hu (13)
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... HANDBOOK FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS
silica. Insulators of high-grade electrical porcelain of the proper chemical
composition free from laminations, holes, and cooling stresses have been
available for ... dB(A)
2 ഛ d ഛ 6
N
p
ϭ
number of phases
For each phase, the L
5
noise level is given by
(14-27)
with
AN
0
ϭ 75.2 for n Ͻ 3
ϭ 67.9 for n Ն 3
K
1
ϭ 7.5 for n ϭ 1
ϭ 2.6 for n ϭ 2
AN
5
ϭ
Ϫ
665
g
ϩ 20 log ... at a specific conductor
size, where installed cost forces the PWRR
higher for large conductors and the cost of
losses forces the PWRR higher for smaller
conductors. This is conceptualized in Fig....
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handbook for electrical engineers hu (14)
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... are significantly lower for HVDC lines than for EHV ac lines but are
more sensitive to altitude effects. Switching surges are significantly lower for HVDC lines than for
EHV ac lines. Switching ... through ac
phase reactors and power transformers. Harmonic filters are located between the phase reactors and
power transformers. Therefore, the transformers are exposed to no dc voltage stresses ... website.
Source: STANDARD HANDBOOK FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS
DC-Capacitors. The primary objective of the valve dc side capacitor is to provide a low-inductance
path for the turn-off switching currents...
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handbook for electrical engineers hu (15)
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... power system they serve. For
example, a unique load forecast model is developed for each case.
Load Forecast. This program forecasts hourly loads 1 to 7 days in advance. Load-forecasting
methods are ... These basic access methods include a polling format, a
scheduled or a contention access.
Polling Access. The master periodically sends a request for information/control command
sequence to the RTU.
Scheduled ... maintaining frequency, which is uniform among areas, but are individu-
ally responsible for maintaining each area’s scheduled net interchange. The formula for this is
where the summation is over...
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handbook for electrical engineers (16)
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... Institute
of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil-Immersed Transformers.
NEMA Publ. TR98-1964 contains corresponding recommendations for loading power trans-
formers ... 105
effect on insulation life and transformer life. For recurring loads, such as the daily load cycles, the
transformer would be operated for normal life expectancy. For emergencies, either planned ... transformers. The tem-
perature of the top oil should never exceed 100°C. The maximum hot-spot winding temperature
should not exceed 150°C for 55°C rise transformers or 180°C for 65°C rise transformers....
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