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basic models for repairable systems

A Study of Channel Estimation for OFDM Systems and System Capacity for MIMO-OFDM Systems

A Study of Channel Estimation for OFDM Systems and System Capacity for MIMO-OFDM Systems

Công nghệ thông tin

... 22 Fig 2.10: The waveform of ( )kGw 24 Fig 2.11: Equivalent transmitter for OFDM systems 25 Fig 2.12: Equivalent receiver for OFDM systems. 25 Fig 2.13: CP for an OFDM symbol 26 Fig ... receiver for continuous OFDM systems. (c) The frequency division for OFDM systems. Fig 2.9: The continuous OFDM system model. As shown in Fig 2.9(a), the transmitted signal xi(t) for OFDM systems ... of thesis entitled “A Study of Channel Estimation for OFDM Systems and System Capacity for MIMO-OFDM Systems Submitted by Zhou Wen For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the university...
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BASIC TACTICS FOR LISTENING (2nd Edition)

BASIC TACTICS FOR LISTENING (2nd Edition)

Kỹ năng nghe tiếng Anh

... Are the sneakers comfortable?B: Well, I think they’re a little small for me.A: Too small? Let me find a bigger pair.Page 11 of © Oxford University Press Basic Tactics for Listening, 2nd ed.4.A: ... she?A: She’s 60.B: She looks young for 60.6.A: This is my father with my uncle and aunt and two cousins.Page 33 of © Oxford University Press Basic Tactics for Listening, 2nd ed.A: It’s not ... And he’s got reddish-blond hair.A: Okay. Thanks.2.A: I’m looking for Janet.Page 9 of © Oxford University Press Basic Tactics for Listening, 2nd ed.B: Oh, she’s wearing a long dress. And she’s...
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Free Software tools for embedded systems

Free Software tools for embedded systems

Kỹ thuật lập trình

... Support servicesUseful if you don't have your own support resourcesLong term support commitment, even for versions considered as obsolete by the community, but not by your users!44Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Commercial toolsetsCaution: commercial doesn't mean proprietary!Vendors play fair with the GPL and do make their source code available to their users, and most of the time, to the community.As long as they distribute the sources to their users, the GPL doesn't require vendors to share their sources with any third party.No issue with all the GPL sources developed by or with the community.Graphical toolkits developed by the vendors look proprietary. Their licenses are not advertised on their websites! You have to be a customer to know or get a free preview kit to know.35Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Free Software tools for embedded systems GNU / Linux workstationVarious tools34Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Emulators ­ SummarySystem emulatorsUseful to experiment with a full system, including the kernelqemu: x86, x86_64, arm, sparc, ppc, mipsSkyEye: several arm architecturesUser emulatorsUseful to run or debug user space binaries for other CPUsqemu: x86, arm, sparc, ppc, mips20Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Platform specific toolchains (2)ColdfireCode Sourcery (supports ELF, GNU/Linux and uClinux):http://www.codesourcery.com/gnu_toolchains/coldfirePowerPCCode Sourcery (supports GNU/Linux and EABI)http://www.codesourcery.com/gnu_toolchains/power.html49Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Sysgo ­ Koan Softwarehttp://sysgo.comELinOS development toolset,in particular based on Eclipseand the Linux Trace Toolkit.Includes FreeToolBox, a freely downloadable compiling and rootfs creating toolchain.Supports i386, arm and ppc.Hard real­time support with their own microkernel (PikeOS),an approach similar to RTAI.http://koansoftware.comMakers of KaeilOS(http://koansoftware.com/kaeilos/), a GPL embedded Linux distribution for industrial applications.KaeilOS supports i386 and popular arm platforms. Other platforms supported upon request.Includes several graphical toolkits and supports hard real­time (RTAI, Xenomai, preemption patches).Unfortunately, KaeilOS is GPL but not available for public download.16Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Standalone toolchain buildBuilding a cross­compiling toolchain by yourself is a difficult and painful task! Can take days or weeks!Lots of details to learn. Several components to build(building gcc twice: once for gcc + once for compilers that need the C library).Lots of decisions to make(such as C library version and configuration for your platform)Need kernel headers and C library sourcesNeed to be familiar with current gcc issues and patches on your platformUseful to be familiar with building and configuring toolshttp://www.aleph1.co.uk/armlinux/docs/toolchain/toolchHOWTO.pdfcan show you how fun it can be!21Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Toolchain building utilitiesBuildroot: http://buildroot.uclibc.org/Dedicated Makefile to build uClibc based toolchainsand even entire root filesystems.Downloads sources and applies patches.Crosstool:  http://www.kegel.com/crosstool/Dedicated script to build glibc based toolchainsDoesn’t support uClibc yet.Downloads sources and applies patches.26Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Toolchains ­ useful resourceseLinux.org toolchain page:http://elinux.org/Tool_Chains29Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Free Software tools for embedded systems GNU / Linux workstationEmulators8Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008glibchttp://www.gnu.org/software/libc/License: LGPLC library from the GNU projectDesigned for performance, standards compliance and portabilityFound on all GNU / Linux host systems Quite big for small embedded systems:  about 1.7 MB on Familiar Linux iPAQs (libc: 1.2 MB, libm: 500 KB)36Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008chrootAvailable in all GNU/Linux distributionsUsage:chroot <dir> [command]Runs a command or an interactive shellwith a special root directory.Standard usage: Internet serversServices executed in chroot jails: even when compromised,the service cannot gain access to the rest of the system.Usage for embedded system development:Develop and test a new root filesystem on the development host.Very easy to use when the host and target have the same CPU instruction set.Used by LFS (Linux From Scratch).Also used by Scratchbox: Qemu makes the usage of target binaries transparent./binlibetchttp/libetcbinchrootjail ... ) and can boot several operating systems (Linux, uClinux, and others)Softgun: http://softgun.sourceforge.netVirtual ARM system with many virtual on­board peripherals. Boots Linux.SWARM ­ Software ARM ­ arm7 emulatorhttp://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mwd24/phd/swarm.htmlCan run uClinux13Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008klibchttp://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/klibc/“Kernel C library”Tiny and minimalistic C library designed for use in an initramfs at boot time (alternative to initrds).Fine for the creation of simple shell scripts.Ships with small executables for use in shells, built with klibc,and a klcc compiler to compile your own applications.Not elaborate enough to support BusyBox applications.Useful details in  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klibc19Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Platform specific toolchains (1)ARMCode Sourcery (supports GNU/Linux, EABI and uClinux):http://www.codesourcery.com/gnu_toolchains/arm/Also available for Windows workstations.MIPShttp://www.linux­mips.org/wiki/Toolchains (useful links)6Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Training contents (3)AnnexesAutomatic system generation with BitBake / OpenEmbedded33Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Other emulatorsColdFire emulatorhttp://www.slicer.ca/coldfire/Can boot uClinux37Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Minicom (1)Definition: serial communication programAvailable in all GNU / Linux distributionsCapabilities (all through a serial link):Serial console to a remote Unix systemFile transferModem control and dial­upSerial port configuration50Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Denx Software Engineeringhttp://denx.deCreated by Wolfgang Denk,the author of the U­Boot bootloader.Create and support the Embedded Linux Development Kit (ELDK),a complete and well documented development environment.This kit is not only Free Software,it can be downloaded freely by anyone.A great community member and contributor!15Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Free Software tools for embedded systems GNU / Linux workstationCross­compiling toolchains9Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008uClibchttp://www.uclibc.org/ from CodePoet ConsultingLicense: LGPLLightweight C library for small embedded systems,  with most features though.The whole Debian Woody was ported to it ... Support servicesUseful if you don't have your own support resourcesLong term support commitment, even for versions considered as obsolete by the community, but not by your users!44Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Commercial toolsetsCaution: commercial doesn't mean proprietary!Vendors play fair with the GPL and do make their source code available to their users, and most of the time, to the community.As long as they distribute the sources to their users, the GPL doesn't require vendors to share their sources with any third party.No issue with all the GPL sources developed by or with the community.Graphical toolkits developed by the vendors look proprietary. Their licenses are not advertised on their websites! You have to be a customer to know or get a free preview kit to know.35Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Free Software tools for embedded systems GNU / Linux workstationVarious tools34Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Emulators ­ SummarySystem emulatorsUseful to experiment with a full system, including the kernelqemu: x86, x86_64, arm, sparc, ppc, mipsSkyEye: several arm architecturesUser emulatorsUseful to run or debug user space binaries for other CPUsqemu: x86, arm, sparc, ppc, mips20Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Platform specific toolchains (2)ColdfireCode Sourcery (supports ELF, GNU/Linux and uClinux):http://www.codesourcery.com/gnu_toolchains/coldfirePowerPCCode Sourcery (supports GNU/Linux and EABI)http://www.codesourcery.com/gnu_toolchains/power.html49Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Sysgo ­ Koan Softwarehttp://sysgo.comELinOS development toolset,in particular based on Eclipseand the Linux Trace Toolkit.Includes FreeToolBox, a freely downloadable compiling and rootfs creating toolchain.Supports i386, arm and ppc.Hard real­time support with their own microkernel (PikeOS),an approach similar to RTAI.http://koansoftware.comMakers of KaeilOS(http://koansoftware.com/kaeilos/), a GPL embedded Linux distribution for industrial applications.KaeilOS supports i386 and popular arm platforms. Other platforms supported upon request.Includes several graphical toolkits and supports hard real­time (RTAI, Xenomai, preemption patches).Unfortunately, KaeilOS is GPL but not available for public download.16Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Standalone toolchain buildBuilding a cross­compiling toolchain by yourself is a difficult and painful task! Can take days or weeks!Lots of details to learn. Several components to build(building gcc twice: once for gcc + once for compilers that need the C library).Lots of decisions to make(such as C library version and configuration for your platform)Need kernel headers and C library sourcesNeed to be familiar with current gcc issues and patches on your platformUseful to be familiar with building and configuring toolshttp://www.aleph1.co.uk/armlinux/docs/toolchain/toolchHOWTO.pdfcan show you how fun it can be!21Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Toolchain building utilitiesBuildroot: http://buildroot.uclibc.org/Dedicated Makefile to build uClibc based toolchainsand even entire root filesystems.Downloads sources and applies patches.Crosstool:  http://www.kegel.com/crosstool/Dedicated script to build glibc based toolchainsDoesn’t support uClibc yet.Downloads sources and applies patches.26Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Toolchains ­ useful resourceseLinux.org toolchain page:http://elinux.org/Tool_Chains29Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Free Software tools for embedded systems GNU / Linux workstationEmulators8Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008glibchttp://www.gnu.org/software/libc/License: LGPLC library from the GNU projectDesigned for performance, standards compliance and portabilityFound on all GNU / Linux host systems Quite big for small embedded systems:  about 1.7 MB on Familiar Linux iPAQs (libc: 1.2 MB, libm: 500 KB)36Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008chrootAvailable in all GNU/Linux distributionsUsage:chroot <dir> [command]Runs a command or an interactive shellwith a special root directory.Standard usage: Internet serversServices executed in chroot jails: even when compromised,the service cannot gain access to the rest of the system.Usage for embedded system development:Develop and test a new root filesystem on the development host.Very easy to use when the host and target have the same CPU instruction set.Used by LFS (Linux From Scratch).Also used by Scratchbox: Qemu makes the usage of target binaries transparent./binlibetchttp/libetcbinchrootjail...
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Basic Skills for College - Practice Tests

Basic Skills for College - Practice Tests

TOEFL - IELTS - TOEIC

... long,or 6.19. c. Use the area formula for a circle, A ϭ πr2.If d ϭ 8, then r ϭ 4. A ϭ πr2becomes A ϭ π(4)2ϭ π(16)ϭ 16π cm2.20. d. The perimeter formula for a rectangle is Pϭ 2l ϩ 2w. ... The difference in areas is 9π Ϫ 4π, or 5π.25. c. The volume formula for a cylinder is V ϭπr2h.We will substitute in 5 for r, and 4 for h.Make surethat you don’t use 8 as the height. We want ... mathematically as A ϭ 2H Ϫ 5. Becausewe are also told that Alan is 27, we know that 27 ϭ 2HϪ 5. BASIC SKILLS FOR COLLEGE–CHAPTER 6 • LearningExpress Skill Builders116PRACTICEARITHMETICTESTDirections:...
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Basic Skills for College - Basic Grammar

Basic Skills for College - Basic Grammar

TOEFL - IELTS - TOEIC

... Builders46 BASIC SKILLS FOR COLLEGE–not create deformed humans in these experi-ments.4. No clones will have unique identities therefore noclones will be individuals.5. If we wait for perfect ... couragecomes in many forms. (20) Matt never iceskated again, Nan kept him as her hero, ourfamily regained it’s faith.Check the end of the chapter for a suggestedrevision. BASIC SKILLS FOR COLLEGE–CHAPTER ... sure that he willcreate no deformed humans with these experi-ments.4. No clones will have no unique identity thereforeno clones will be individuals.5. If we wait for perfect animal results...
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Tài liệu Basic grammar for new learner pptx

Tài liệu Basic grammar for new learner pptx

Kỹ năng nói tiếng Anh

... + V-ing choice of excuse for intention of method for possibility of reason for (method of) There is no reason for leaving this early. George has no excuse for droping out of school. ... since 1984. (Giả sử hiện nay là 2004) 3.1.3.1 Cách dùng SIN CE và FOR: FOR + khoảng thời gian: for three days, for ten minutes, for twenty years SINCE + thời điểm bắt đầu: since 1982, since January, ... remember buying the first motorbike 3a) Forget to do smt: quên sẽ phải làm gì I forgot to pickup my child after school = Tôi quên không đón con. 3b) Forget doing smt: (quên là đã làm gì). Đặc...
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Tài liệu C Programming for Embedded Systems docx

Tài liệu C Programming for Embedded Systems docx

Kỹ thuật lập trình

... of any information herein and is not responsible for any errors or omissions. The publisher assumes no liability for damages resulting from the use of the information in this book or for any ... one multi-bit port for switching HVAC: probably only 3 pins necessary • one multi-bit I/O interface for display • one multi-bit I/O interface for keypad • one A/D device for temperature sensing ... competing needs.• C approaches the performance of hand-coded machine language, compared to an interpreted system like many BASICs. If a BASIC system ceases to be basic by exposing pointers or by...
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Tài liệu Basic Perspective for Beginners - Cơ bản về hội họa cho người mới bắt đầu ppt

Tài liệu Basic Perspective for Beginners - Cơ bản về hội họa cho người mới bắt đầu ppt

Điêu khắc - Hội họa

... as the angle of viewing becomes more extreme. Basically, foreshortening creates the illusion that an object is much shorter than it actually is. Foreshortened qualities become even more noticeable ... perspective and foreshortening. o Fading into distant space with atmospheric perspective o Shortening subjects with foreshortening 12 PAGES – 18 ILLUSTRATIONS This article is recommended for artists ... value and less detailed. Geometric perspective: trees closer to the foreground are larger than the ones farther back in the forest. In that the bases of the trees become progressively higher...
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Tài liệu Báo cáo

Tài liệu Báo cáo "Dynamically reconfiguration architecture for embedded systems using Kaffe " doc

Báo cáo khoa học

... prototypyingplatform, using an open source Kaffe technology for embedded platform [2]. The embedded Kaffetechnology allows the development of efficient and secure cross-platform software, and ... loader for dynamically loading Java bytecode and an execution engine for interpreting thesebytecode on the ARM processor. An integrated system is shown in Figure 3.The class loader is extended for ... open-source technology, provides a platform for building a runtime environmentand integrating different design methodologies. Integrating Kaffe into embedded systems isthe cornerstone of java-like...
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Tài liệu Báo cáo

Tài liệu Báo cáo " Development of system of HydrodynamicEnvironmental models for coastal area (Case study in Quang Ninh - Hai Phong region) " doc

Báo cáo khoa học

... of models should be based on the 3D thermo-hydrodynamical models for each particular environment that contains interested matter. Development of system of hydrodynamic-environmental models for ... need to build a system of models for each environment which is related to each other through the boundary conditions. In this case, we can introduce the system of models for oil slick, oil-in-water ... (2003). 3. Model for suspended particulate matter transport and bottom bathymetry evolution The model for SPM and bottom bathymetry evolution includes 2 sub -models: 3D SPM Model for water column...
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Tài liệu Differences in 4-Year Health Outcomes for Elderly and Poor, Chronically III Patients Treated in HMO and Fee-for-Service Systems ppt

Tài liệu Differences in 4-Year Health Outcomes for Elderly and Poor, Chronically III Patients Treated in HMO and Fee-for-Service Systems ppt

Sức khỏe người cao tuổi

... regression models were used to estimate adjustedoutcomes for the total sample and for each subgroup in comparing outcomes be-tween FFS and HMO systems. Formalstatistical tests for interactions ... healthacross HMO and FFS systems for thetotal sample and for the subgroups. Ad-justed percentages for change catego-ries were generated with statistical ad-justments for thesame baselinecharacteristics ... in Prepaid andFee -for- Service Systems for Poverty and Nonpoverty Groups*Scores are adjusted for demographics, chronic disease, and design factors. The4-yearchange scores for physicalhealth...
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