... language learners during the languagelearning process, educators and researchers can gain insights into the metacognitive, cognitive, social, and affective processes involved inlanguage learning. ... speaking, several studies in the field have agreed on the powerful impact of learning strategies on the learningand teaching of foreign andsecond language. Good choice and use of learning ... objective, systematic process in which numerical data are utilized to obtain information about the world" (Burns and Grove cited in Cormack, 1991:140). Information and findings, then, can...
... Teachers In order to make the languagelearning process a more motivating experience instructors need to put a great deal of thought into developing programs which maintain student interest and ... contributing factor insecondlanguage (L2) acquisition. Motivation is defined as thelearner's orientation with regard to the goal of learning a second language. Motivation isdivided into ... potential for integrating into the target language community. Instrumental Motivation In contrast to integrative motivation is the form of motivation referred to as instrumental motivation. This...
... Koudansha InternationalPublisher.Kellerman, S. (1992). ‘‘I see what you mean’’: The role of kinesic behaviour in listening and implications for foreign andsecondlanguage learning. Applied Linguistics, ... how to makebasic pottery and involved description and gesture use.Materials recording and editing. Two video-recording ses-sions using the same lecture outline were scheduled, each last-ing ... Lynch, K. (1999).Offeringahand to pragmatic understanding: The role of speech and gesture in comprehension and memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 40,577–592.Lansing, C. R., & McConkie,...
... reading and memorizing, describ ing and classifying, and representing and visua-lizing. In data management, I organized files and units of verbal reports manually,using index cards including ... on domains. Ge e defined authentic learningin a domain as learning that “leadsto growing mastery of the semiotic domain’s design grammar and growing member-ship in its associated affinity group” ... threemajor components of reading: (a) decoding (extracting linguistic information directlyfrom print); (b) text-information building (integrating the extracted information intowritten form); and...
... reading and memorizing, describ ing and classifying, and representing and visua-lizing. In data management, I organized files and units of verbal reports manually,using index cards including ... threemajor components of reading: (a) decoding (extracting linguistic information directlyfrom print); (b) text-information building (integrating the extracted information intowritten form); and ... embedding and expanding these experiences (Rosenblatt1978). Thus, learning always requires domains in situated contexts. While ELLs makemeaning from text within the domains or about domains,...
... successful insecondlanguage learning. The importance of motivationinsecondlanguage learning Languagelearning is remarkably different from other kinds of learning because of its social nature. Learning ... organized into six parts : (1) Definition of motivation, (2) The importance of motivation insecondlanguage learning, (3) Types of motivationinsecondlanguage learning, (4) Literature inlanguage ... Attitudesandmotivationinsecond language learning. Rowley. MA: Newbury House 15. Gardner.R.C (1985). Social psychology andlanguage learning: The role of attitude and motivation. London: Edward...
... Computational LinguisticsExploiting Social Information in Grounded LanguageLearning viaGrammatical ReductionsMark JohnsonDepartment of ComputingMacquarie UniversitySydney, AustraliaMark.Johnson@MQ.edu.auKatherine ... social informa-tion sources during word learning. 1 IntroductionFrom learning sounds to learning the meanings ofwords, social interactions are extremely importantfor children’s early language ... generalisationshere. The main challenge in this reduction is findinga way of expressing the non-linguistic informationas part of the strings that serve as the grammatical in- ference procedure’s input. Here...
... mentioned that rst language literacy andlearning can be a benet to L2 acquisition. Language devices and concepts learned in a rst language make learning the secondlanguage easier because ... re-learn, in the new language, what they already know in their native language. Understanding a concept in the rst language requires only a re-labelling of terms in the secondlanguageand not ... native language grammar and structure exists when acquiring a second language. Furthermore, when a person is learning a second language, he/she uses his native language to support and make the...
... and Semantic Pro-cessing in Parsing and Generation In parsing and generation, case and seman-tic processing occurs by unification withoutany procedural programming.The initial tree structure ... examined,the SATs recorded in the temporary stack arereturned into the main stack. And then theSAT constructed as explained in the above ispushed into the main stack. If, later on, theSATs marked ... of the linkword be the first argument and retain-ing the second argument, generate2 iscalled. In the following, searching of the au-tonomous word and handing their 2 nodes offto generate2 are...
... Phonology and Syntax, MIT Press, Cambridge MA. [15] Steedman, Mark: 1985a. Dependency and Co- ordination in the Grammar of Dutch and En- glish, Language 61.523-568. [16] Steedman, Mark: 1987. ... Processing of Com- binatory Grammars', Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference of the ACL, Stanford, July 1987, 73 80. STRUCTURE AND INTONATION IN SPOKEN LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING* Mark ... Combinatory grammars and parasitic gaps. Natural Language & Lin- guistic Theory, 5, 403-439. [17] Steedman, Mark: 1989, Structure and Intona- tion, ms. U. Penn. [18] Vijay-Shankar, K and...
... Processing.Tomoya Mizumoto, Mamoru Komachi, Masaaki Nagata, and Yuji Matsumoto. 2011. Mining Revision Log of Language Learning SNS for Automated Japanese Er-ror Correction of SecondLanguage Learners. ... Technol-ogy.Cerstin Mahlow and Michael Piotrowski. 2008. Linguis-tic Support for Revising and Editing. Proc. Interna-tional Conference on Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing.Tomoya ... the TextEncoding Initiative (TEI).1 IntroductionLearner corpora have been playing an increasinglyimportant role in both SecondLanguage Acquisition and Foreign Language Teaching research (Granger,2004;...
... Engineering and Electrical EngineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattle, WA 98195, USA{karim@cs,bilmes@ee}.washington.eduAbstractSitting at the intersection between statis-tics and machine learning, ... methods for the automatic learning ofedit costs, such as in (Ristad and Yianilos, 1998) in the case of string edit distance andin (Neuhaus and Bunke, 2004) for graph edit distance. In this paper ... mem-oryless transducer of string pairs. Below we sum-marize their main idea and introduce our notation,which will be useful later on.We are interested in modeling the joint probabilityP (Sm1=sm1,...
... Descriptions, and Individuals in Natural Language Understanding Ronald J. Brachman Bolt Beralmek and Newman Inc. KLONE is a general-purpose language for representing conceptual information. Several ... Newman Inc., May 1978. Burton, R. R. Semantic Grammar: An Engineering Technique for Constructing Natural Language Understanding Systems. BBN Report No. 3q53. Cambridge, MA: Bolt Boranek and ... guide parsing by ruling out semantically meaningless paths, (2) it provides a general way of organizing and invoking semantic interpretation rules, and (3) it allows algorithmic determination...
... tense/aspect (incorrect tense, not incorrectformation)16 voice (incorrect voice, not incorrect formation)17 17 verb formation (including no auxiliary verb, lackof “to” with infinitive, participle ... ReliabilityWritingsampleSignifi-canceL1 L2 Level Intrarater Interrater Results and DiscussionHolistic ScaleAn initial scoring of all 38 essays resulted in the intra -and interrater reliabilities in ... Language Writ-ing, Language Learning, Modern Language Journal, Studies in Second Language Acquisition, Language Testing, and TESOL Quarterly. I includedKroll’s (1990) study in the list as well. Database...