... deviation Conclusions Interpolation technique plays an important role in achieving a high accuracy of DEM Theinfluenceof interpolation technique onthe DEM accuracy depends onthe type of topography, ... point of interest to the sample point i ; and the power p controls the significance of sample points to the interpolated values, based on their distance to the output point The higher the power, the ... higher the weight, the smoother the output surface For the tension spline, the higher the weight, the coarser the output surface More detailed information about the spline interpolation can be...
... both of these examples, while the original statements may be strictly true, the conclusions drawn from them are not necessarily valid or informative Conclusion As the debate regarding the role of ... throughout the debate onthe respective roles of migratory and domestic birds in the dispersal of H5N1, there are numerous statements that are not based on data presented, or when they are based on data, ... critical test of either of these hypotheses we are left with considering which of these type I errors is most severe or unacceptable Since the primary interest in H5N1 is relative to the potential...
... a common mechanism of addiction through neural adaptation [6, 7] The disconnection ofthe functional pathway between PFC and VTA could significantly reduce the effects of drugs of addiction, including ... stimulation ofthe prefrontal cortex in the rat J Neural Transm 1996, 103: 523-540 44 Tong ZY, Overton PG, Clark D: Stimulation ofthe prefrontal cortex in the rat induces patterns of activity ... that, the functional input loss from PFC and/or NAc may reduce the effects of these drugs onthe addiction process [14, 16-18] In VTA, the AMPA/NMDA receptors’ ratio response of dopamine neurons...
... construction, the transfixion of soft tissue by the tensioned wires or the transfixion ofthe hindfoot within the frame Efforts have been made to simplify both the application and configuration ofthe ... measure the interfragmentary motion at the site ofthe defect, the relative motion ofthe bone fragments to the rings and the relative motion between the rings There were three transducers at the ... to the anatomical conditions, and the tibiae were mounted eccentrically in the sagittal plane to mimic the soft tissues ofthe calf At the site ofthe osteotomy, the distance between the bone...
... for the Economic Analysisof Projects (ADB 1997) requires an analysisofthe distribution of project effects (costs and benefits) among different groups, and a calculation ofthe proportion of ... reducing their energy consumption, reducing other expenditures These strategies have a strong negative effect onthe assets ofthe poor Another (DFID 2000d) demonstrates that the shift from traditional ... benefits of these programs for the poor 14 increase the flow of information to the poor 15 by decreasing pressure on woodlands, protect the access ofthe poor to natural capital 16 increase the personal...
... amounts of total ascorbate and a-tocopherol (figure 1) and lower concentrations of photosynthetic pigments (figure 2) than leaves in the shade crown Only the contents of total glutathione did ... based concentrations of antioxidants differed significantly from mass-based antioxidant concentrations, both in the sun [39, 46] and in the shade crown [47] Therefore, it was the aim of this ... respectively The latter has been chosen, because the external leaf surface represents the interface for the interactions between the leaf and the environment (e.g radiation interception, gas exchange,...
... benefits of these programs for the poor 14 increase the flow of information to the poor 15 by decreasing pressure on woodlands, protect the access ofthe poor to natural capital 16 increase the personal ... in the Northeast Region and Nakhon Si Thammarat Province in the Southern Region The two urban sites were in Nakhon Ratchasima City and Bangkok Three different definitions of poverty were used The ... electrical connections Use of labor-based construction methods can increase the poverty reduction impact These methods help poor families supplement their incomes on a temporary basis during the construction...
... impact onthe poor only if the network itself functions well Thus, if access to services by the poor has already been provided, improvements in the cost-effectiveness of service provision onthe ... concluded that additional analysis was needed to further explore the results ofthe country studies and to further develop the policy and operational implications ofthe research This work was ... policy issues The impact of infrastructure investment on poverty is mediated by the provision of efficient, reliable services to the poor Thus, the study should consider not only improvements...
... for the Economic Analysisof Projects (ADB 1997) requires an analysisofthe distribution of project effects (costs and benefits) among different groups, and a calculation ofthe proportion of ... reducing their energy consumption, reducing other expenditures These strategies have a strong negative effect onthe assets ofthe poor Another (DFID 2000d) demonstrates that the shift from traditional ... education) are also needed to enable the poor to take full advantage of these opportunities The importance of linkages between farm and nonfarm growth in the rural economy for the welfare of the...
... implementation The reports gave limited information on how the poverty reduction objective of these projects would be addressed in the definition, collection, and analysisofthe data Proposed monitoring ... well as promotion of network of highways, like this one leading to the Northeast Region renewable energy This project was to contribute to poverty reduction by imgrams Its contribution was to be ... Institute of Development Studies 1998) describes the socioeconomic profile ofthe study area prior to project implementation, and the benefits expected to accrue to the rural people arising out of the...
... from the reduction in the prices of consumer goods go to the poor only to the extent that the poor are in the market to purchase these goods A similar analysis could be made for the participation ... and the ways in which they are reflected through the economy, the field research considered other effects that projects may have onthe poor One ofthe most important attributes mentioned in the ... improvements The impact of these cost savings onthe poor depend onthe extent to which the poor are users ofthe service provided However, benefits to nonpoor users may also contribute indirectly to the...
... only 63% of that ofthe nonpoor The change in frequency of visits to Xian is very interesting (Table 5.14) Onthe one hand, the proportion of farmers visiting Xian more often than once a month ... than those ofthe nonpoor: the poor spend, on average, 18% of their (cash) income on transport and 25% on energy, while the nonpoor spend less than 8% on either service This proportion declines ... natural regions: the mountainous southern region, the central Weihe Valley, and the northern upland plateau Population density is highest in the central region, which also contains the city of Xian...
... one ofthe Northeast Region sites The other Northeast Region site was Pung Gu District in Prakomchai County, Buri Ram Province Nakhon Ratchasima Province is the gateway to the Northeast Region ... examined the method of connection and the length of time that a household had been connected Only 33 ofthe rural sample households (4%) had no electricity; 84% ofthe sample had a direct connection, ... electricity connection Only one houseeach of these areas, the questionnaire explored changes over the last 10 years The second module explored access 100 Assessingthe Impact of Transport and Energy...
... declined in favor ofthe secondary (industry) and tertiary (services) sectors The state ranks first nationally in the production of cotton and groundnuts, and second in the production of tobacco It ... gone, one can find another job There is no problem. For Fatima, onthe whole, although the family income is low due to bad monsoons in the region, the impact of road construction has been positive ... the provision of service and the measurement of effects Policy Impact The study identified a set of policy recommendations for discussion at a national seminar These recommendations include the...
... disproportionate distribution of benefits may be that the team concluded that because ofthe location of stations, railway affects only the areas along the rail lines, and has travelers whose destinations ... extent onthe quality of services provided The responsiveness of these services to the needs ofthe poor is partly a function of public policy and partly one of political culture and institutional ... interventions on these aspects of well-being, for both poor and nonpoor groups The MDGs include not only the reduction of income poverty but also other goals in the areas of education, health...
... Ofthe three studies, only one, in the Peoples Republic of China (PRC), explicitly addressed the choice of technology in road construction and energy generation as a policy issue This is rather ... the poverty reduction impacts of transport and energy projects Onthe other hand, the overall approach of examining the poverty impacts of transport and energy interventions within a wider conceptual ... a good indication ofthe full nature or extent ofthe eventual impacts This is especially so for income dimensions Interventions may lead to a transformation ofthe types of economic activities...
... Reduction that the private sector will raise prices beyond reach ofthe poor, and insist onthe need for continuing subsidies Here is a fertile area for future research in the context of ongoing ... Gina Porter London: Zed Books pp 246257 Government of India 1993 Report ofthe Expert Group on Estimation of Proportion and Number of Poor Planning Commission, New Delhi 1996 The India Infrastructure ... quality of life in urban areas than in rural areas Many ofthe urban poor depend onthe informal economy to make a precarious living In addition, urban areas heighten the perception of poverty by offering...
... and cultural factors The experience of poverty depends as much on ones perception of oneself in relation to others as it does on conditions of absolute material deprivation This insight explains ... countries (ADB 1999a) These consultations identified the lack of basic infrastructure as one ofthe aspects of exclusion ofthe poor, but pointed out the need to balance the social gains from ... water connections came second, then sewer connections, followed by telephones Electricity was the only infrastructure service with significant penetration (32%) among the poorest 5% ofthe sample...
... have examined theinfluenceof serum-derived factors onthe growth and survival of IVD cells, even though these factors generally are considered to be essential for the survival of most normal ... described [6], and the proportion of SA-β-gal-positive cells was quantitated by scoring a minimum of 200 cells for each condition and each sample Collagen immunolocalisation The production of type I and ... than those in monolayer Hence, whereas 24% ± 2% of cells in control monolayers were Ki-67-immunopositive, only 3% ± 0.8% of cells were positive in control alginate cultures None ofthe cells in...
... Psychotherapy, Münster, Germany Authors’ contributions TF contributed to conception and design ofthe study, conducted the statistical analysis and wrote the manuscript AS participated in theanalysis ... perspectives: the treating therapist (THER), the team of therapists concerned with the patient (TEAM), and the patient him- or herself (PAT) The team of therapists concerned with the patient performed ... appropriate Above, it was investigated whether therapists’ CGI ratings correspond to the view the patients themselves have on their condition The results ofthe present study showed that CGI-I provided...