... effect of the articulatory gesture.
Trill
a dynamic articulation produced by the vibration of any articulator, a
series of vibrations.
The place of articulation defines both the area of the ... root of the tongue and the back of the throat (the
pharynx)
ã glottal: This isn't strictly a place of articulation. Glottal sounds are made in
the larynx.
(Davenport & Hannahs, 1998)
Voicing ... accordance with three categories,
i.e., the degree of vocal cord vibration, the place of articulation and the manner of
articulation.
1.3.2. English consonants
Most dialects ofEnglish have...
... where a
multiplicity of sentiments for a variety of topics
and corresponding targets are potentially involved
(Riloff and Wiebe., 2003; Sarmento et al., 2009).
Alternative approaches to automatic ... specific
target than negative opinions. We believe that the
validation of this hypothesis requires a thorough
study, based on a larger amount of data spanning
more electoral debates.
Based on ... Conference and Empiri-
cal Methods in Natural Language Processing,
Canada.
568
Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics:shortpapers, pages 564–568,
Portland,...
... part -of- speech implications:
Prefixes POS Suffixes POS
north NA AV seed NA
south NA AV weed NA
west NA AV like NA AV
a- AJ AV wise AJ AV
ward NA AV
wards NA AV
-fly NA
-bed NA
-deed NA
-feed VB ... Lois L. Earl,* Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory, Palo Alto, California
The classifying ofwords according to syntactic usage is basic to language
handling; this paper describes an algorithm ... of the dictionary was prepared
containing all the words which: (1) have at least one
standard meaning corresponding to a part of speech
other than NA, VB, AJ, or AV (the parts of speech
assigned...
... domain of an
alternation to a certain class of words, and ac-
cordingly reduce the expansion of the analog
set.
4.3 Perspectives
The paradigmatic cascades model achieves quite sat-
isfactory ... experimentally evaluate a
new model ofpronunciation by analogy:
the paradigmatic cascades model. Given a
pronunciation lexicon, this algorithm first
extracts the most productive paradigmatic
mappings ... define the notion ofa paradigmatic
relationship as follows. Given E, a finite alphabet,
and/:, a finite subset of E*, we say that (a, b) E/: x/:
is paradigmatically related to (c, d) E/:...
... towards recognising the chaotic properties of natural
phenomena and the use of appropriate non-linear analysis, such as fractal analysis, in place of
traditional analyses [1].
A strong reason ... desirable control strategy. The analysis of fractal patterns in gait
and posture data may serve as an indicator of pathology or impairment. Surrogate data analysis is used
to test for a system’s ... examine appropriate data using such
techniques. In particular, a non-linear approach to the analysis of COP data may be appropriate and may
reveal information regarding a person’s control of their...
... box below.
MALARIA FIGHTS BACK
Drug-resistant strains of malaria, already one of the
world’s major killers, are steadily spreading across the
globe. The deadly strains have established themselves ... Synonyms
3.2 Academic Vocabulary
24
The Writing Process: Reading and Note-making
vaccines for the plague, one of which has begun clinical
trials. In parts of Africa drug-resistant strains of the
disease ... restate it.
For example:
Evidence ofa lost civilisation has been found off the coast
of China
could be paraphrased:
Remains of an ancient society have been discovered in
the sea near China
2....
... Abuja. Both Brazil and Malaysia have found that
the building of new capitals (Brasilia and Putrajaya) can
sharply increase the national burden of debt. Even if the
government does eventually move ... the past to the present or future, as
narrative.
b) Comparison –
two or more topics are examined and
compared, one after the other.
c) For and against –
the advantages and disadvantages of ... reported that baboons are able to think
abstractly. It has been known for some time that
chimpanzees are capable of abstract thought, but
baboons are a more distant relation to mankind. In...
... building more roads
is costly, increases congestion and will encourage extra
traffic. This may be partly true, but the alternatives are
equally problematic. Road pricing has many practical
difficulties, ... .
Solution A
building more roads . . .
Arguments against
solution A
It is claimed that building more roads is costly,
increases . . .
Solutions B and C and
arguments against
Road pricing has many ... higher
education in Taiwan are twice more than in the UK
2.1 Argument
69
5. Think ofa similar debate in your own subject. Complete the
table and write a paragraph which leads to a conclusion.
Topic
Problem
Solution...
... important to begin an essay with remarks that are
general but also accurate and clear.
Decide which of the following are suitable (essay titles in
brackets):
a) (Do newspapers have a future?) ... as many the majority/minority
a tenfold increase 50%, a percentage
to double/halve on average/the average
number
the most/least a small/large proportion
Rewrite each sentence in a simpler way, ... chance to meet classmates from all over the
world, and all are pleased to have the chance to improve
their English. When he goes home to Shanghai, Li Pang
will have a network of international...
... Findings – A report of what the survey found, with statistical analysis
4. Case study – An extensive study of two students . . .
5. Discussion – Comparisons of the advantages and disadvantages that students ... For more than a decade the nations involved in
Antarctic research have respected an agreement to repatriate their garbage, and
this should gradually solve the problem. But there are a few items ... (Possible answers)
Para 2 The main factor
In the first place
Then
Finally,
Para 3 Turning to the subject of
In the first place
Secondly
Lastly,
Para 4 Another important area
Firstly
in addition
1.14...
... was
Ô because hurricanes do not occur
in the South Atlantic.
X However, Catarina was not an
ordinary tropical storm
Ô since it had a hurricane ‘eye’
and was of hurricane strength.
6 After ... best material for building bridges.
4. Another way to express caution is to use
quite, rather or fairly
before an adjective.
a fairly accurate summary
quite a significant correlation
a rather ... university raised its fees by 10% last year.
3.5 Caution
1. A cautious style is necessary in many areas of academic
writing:
Primary products . . .
usually have low supply and
demand elasticities...
...
was ill.
154 Accuracy in Writing
7. Meaning suffixes
A few suffixes contribute to the meaning of the word:
-able has the meaning of ‘ability’: a watchable film,
changeable weather
-wards means ... class.
The machine started automatically.
The class of young boys was uncontrollable.
Prefix Meaning Suffix
Word class/
meaning
auto- by itself -ally adverb
un- negative -able ability
2. Prefixes
a) Negative ...
inside quotations (nested quotations):
As James remarked: ‘Martin’s concept of “internal
space” requires close analysis.’
c) Quotation marks are used for the names of articles and
chapters, but...
... plenty of time.
* Plenty of shops accept credit cards.
A large amount of, a great deal of , a large number of
Cách diễn đạt này mang tính tương đối trang trọng. Sau A large amount of và a
great ...
* A lot of my friends live abroad.
* Lots of time is needed to learn a language.
Plenty of
Plenty of mang ngh a : “đủ và nhiều hơn n a , theo sau đó là danh từ không đếm
được và danh ... a
great deal of là danh từ không đếm được.
Ví dụ:
* She has spent a great deal of time in Europe.
Sau A large number of là trước danh từ số nhiều, và động từ theo sau nó cũng
chia theo...
... gap-filling of national and international med-
ical staff.
Migration and reintegration
An area where international partners and industrialized
countries may have an important role to play is in mitigat-
ing ... in Rwanda
have taken a partly broader approach, including promo-
tion of training at national teaching institutions and
health management training at hospital and district level.
Looking at the ... international and national policies in
place to steer a response. This paper looks at how governments and donors in five countries –
Cameroon, Indonesia, Malawi, Rwanda and Tanzania – have translated...
... MB, Laporte A, Coyte PC: Labor market work and home
care's unpaid caregivers: a systematic review of labor force
participation rates, predictors of labor market withdrawal,
and hours of work. ... were made to
improve the survey's content and clarity. The question-
naire was also available in English, translated into English
by a professional translator.
Background variables: Demographic ... proper-
ties, validity and reliability, of the TAAQOL were satisfac-
tory [26]. Overall physical and overall mental HRQoL
were assessed by aggregation of all TAAQoL scale scores
according to the algorithm...