1 6/19/2005 1 CHẤT THẢI NGUY HẠI hazardous waste ThS. Trần Minh Hải 6/19/2005 2 Khái niệm: Chất nguy hại (hazardous materials) z là những chất có tính độc hại tức thời đáng kể hoặc tiềm ẩn đối với con người và sinh vật khác z do: { không phân hủy sinh học hay tồn tại lâu bền trong tự nhiên; { gia tăng số lượng đáng kể không thể kiểm soát; { liều lượng tích lũy đến một mức nào đó sẽ gây tử von g ha y g â y ra nhữn g tác độn g tiêu cực. 2 6/19/2005 3 Tính chất {Dễ cháy (Ignitability): T < 60 o C, masat,… {Tính ăn mòn (Corossivity): pH < 3; pH >12,5; {Hoạt tính hoá học cao (Reactivity) {Tính độc hại (Toxicity): {Khả năng gây ung thư (Carcinogenicity) và đột biến gen 6/19/2005 4 DOT Hazard Classes Miscellaneous (ORMs)9 Corrosives8 Radioactive materials7 Poisons, etiologic agents6 Oxidizers, organic peroxides5 Solids4 Liquids3 Gases2 Explosives1 HAZARD TYPEHAZARD CLASS 3 6/19/2005 5 Explosives Explosives: Designed to function with instantaneous release of gas and heat (i.e., by exploding). Blasting Agents: Designed to explode, but require a blasting cap to trigger the explosion 6/19/2005 6 Gases Anhydrous Ammonia is classified as a non-flammable gas However, it is flammable and highly toxic! Chlorine gets its own placard because it is toxic, corrosive, and an oxidizer! Poison A: Gases or liquids producing vapors highly hazardous to human health. 4 6/19/2005 7 Liquids Flammable Liquid: Flash point < 100 o F Combustible Liquid: Flash point > 100 o F 6/19/2005 8 Solids Any solid material other than an explosive that is liable to cause fires through friction, through retained heat from manufacturing, or which can be ignited readily and when ignited burns vigorously and persistently. 5 6/19/2005 9 Oxidizers Liquid oxygen is an oxidizer and a cryogenic agent. Oxidizers will readily give up oxygen and support combustion. Organic oxidizers will readily give up oxygen, support combustion, and will burn! 6/19/2005 10 Poisons Class B Poisons: Solids and liquids known to be so toxic as to afford a risk to human health or which, in the absence of adequate data are assumed to be toxic to man. Irritants, substances that give off irritating fumes when heated or exposed to air, are included in Class 6, but are placarded only as DANGEROUS and only if >1000 pounds is present. Etiologic agents are included in Class 6 but are not placarded. 6 6/19/2005 11 Radioactive Materials Vehicles transporting radioactive materials are placarded ONLY if the packages contains material measures >50 millirem/hr on the entire package surface or >3 millirem/hr at 3 feet. (Radioactive III package labeling) Defense material being moved under authority of the Department of Energy or Department of Defense is NOT placarded. 6/19/2005 12 Corrosives Materials that attack and destroy living tissue or that produce severe corrosion of steel. Frequently are also toxic and reactive. 7 6/19/2005 13 Dangerous Class C Explosives Irritants Mixed motor vehicle loads of >1000 but <5000 pounds of all HAZMAT except Poison A, Poison B, Solid Dangerous when Wet, Explosive A, Explosive B, and Radioactive 6/19/2005 14 UN Numbers 8 6/19/2005 15 Nhãn báo chất nguy hại z Nhãn báo chất nguy hại 6/19/2005 16 Nhãn hướng dẫn sử dụng z Handling labels 9 6/19/2005 17 Xử lý chất nguy hại z Tận dụng z Đốt z Thải bỏ cuối cùng 6/19/2005 18 Tận dụng dung môi z Đồng Nai, DNTN. Tân Phát Tài 10 6/19/2005 19 Taùch daàu khoaùng 6/19/2005 20 Loø nung thuøng quay z Rotary kiln incinerator . 1 6/19/2005 1 CHẤT THẢI NGUY HẠI hazardous waste ThS. Trần Minh Hải 6/19/2005 2 Khái niệm: Chất nguy hại (hazardous materials) z là những chất có tính độc hại. 15 Nhãn báo chất nguy hại z Nhãn báo chất nguy hại 6/19/2005 16 Nhãn hướng dẫn sử dụng z Handling labels 9 6/19/2005 17 Xử lý chất nguy hại z Tận dụng