Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
Bạn đang cần tìm một số bài viết, câu hỏi, ngữ pháp . để chuẩn bị cho kỳ thi tốt nghiệp Cử nhân Anh văn. Môn Văn học Mỹ, môn viết Luận văn, hay môn Semantics đang là vấn đề rắc rối của bạn? Bộ ôn tập chuẩn bị cho kỳ thi tốt nghiệp Cử nhân Anh văn sẽ giúp cho bạn tìm hiểu về 3 môn thi này với phần trình bày bằng tiếng Anh và phiên dịch là bằng tiếng Việt. - Môn Văn học Mỹ: các bài học ROMAN FEVER, ROSE FOR EMILY, IN ANOTHER COUNTRY - Semantics: Các điểm chính về lý thuyết và bài tập - Essay: Một số đề thi và các bài luận mẫu tham khảo
Bài Thi Semantics - Đáp án Semantics - Lý Thuyết Semantics - 14 Thi Hết Môn Semantics - 18 Semantics * What is polysemy? Give one example to illustrate your presentation? Polysemy is a sense relation in which a single word has two or more slightly different but closely related meanings * What is anomaly? To illustrate your presentation, give a semantically anomalous sentence and explain why it is semantically anomalous * What is entailment? Give one example to illustrate your presentation? * Compare the following terms and give one example to illustrate : a- hononymy/synonymy b- live metaphors/dead metaphors * Compare the following terms and give one example to illustrate : a- antonymy/synonymy b- lexical ambiguity/structural ambiguity * What are the four maxims of the cooperative principle? * Identify the difference between denotation and connotation Give one example to illustrate each * What is deixis? Give examples? * Identify the semantic properties of the following words : aunt, crawl, virtue, cygnet * Identify the relationship (hyponymy, homography, homophony, homonymy, synonymy, binary antonymy, gradable antonymy, relational antonymy, polysemy) between the following pairs of italicized words The words given in brackets are to clarify the meaning in question of the italicized words a- pass – fail e- sight – site b- love – hate f- employer – employee c- sigh – vision g- sight (to ability to see) – sight (a thing one can see) d- clothes – jeans h- desert (as in the Sahara desert) – desert (abandon) * What are semantic features? How can you distinguish the words given in the following table from one another, considering their semantic features? Malay sadara English Brother Sister Vietnamese Anh em Chinese Huynh Đệ Muội chị tỷ * What is the connotation of a word? Identify three possible (positive or negatibe) connotations of the word Titanic * What are proforms? Give two example to illustrate Distinguish an utterance from a sentence? Give two examples to illustrate each * Distinguish an explicit performative from an implicit performative? Give one examples to illustrate each * Distinguish locution from illocution? Give one examples to illustrate each * Distinguish binary antonymy from gradable antonymy? Give one example to illustrate each * Distinguish presupposition from entailment * Distinguish true synonymy from partial synonymy? Give two examples to illustrate each Indentify the persupposition(s) in the following utterances: - The CD you gave me is quite interesting - I regret mising the last lecture - Can you stop coming home after midnight? - I’m going to buy some milk for the little child - My wife pretended to be pleased with my answer - On the occasion of my friend’s birthday, I intend to buy her a vase - He didn’t manage to support himself - It’s odd how tricky the final exam is - He pretended to be pleased with the gift - When will she graduate from high school? - The didn’t manage to hand in their paper on time - I wish I hadn’t turned down his proposal - John was quite unpopular - He didn’t realize he had been taken in - When did you quit smoking? - The examination in Semantics is so easy this time - I am not able to go to Hanoi this weekend - Did you return the book to the library? - She pretended that the gift had pleased her - They were rich - You will be amazed when you see the view - Their son is not naughty - You can try asking Martin for help - I regret drinking so much last night - Even Bill could solve that problem - She pretended she was not at home when the bell rang - I’ve been dreaming of having a house of my own - If they hadn’t waited until the last minute, they would have passed the exam - Where did you buy the motorbike? - You are late for the meeting again Interpret the following sentences and identify the fingure(s) of speech employed - Why don’t you recognize the power of her purse? - Never in a million years will he admit defeat - I don’t know much about the childhood of the world - Take the bad with the good - One more old Forsyte went to his long rest… wonderfully how he had held on - The skinheads have constituted a social problem in the west - Here’s the smell of blood still All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand (Lady Macbeth is remorseful over the murder of the king) - She is a girl of twenty summers - A cloud appeared over their friendship - When the speaker finished his talk, we knew that we had been listening to a great mind - I want to take part in the contest bit I don’t have the nerve - As we are sailing into this millennium, we should know there are still many difficulties - I know he’s your brother, but you shouldn’t let your personal feelings cloud your judgment - The president claimed that his administration contained the best brain in the country - Duty commanded and he obeyed - He said it to my face - Her beloved father was laid to rest in this cemetery - Don’t live in such a sea of doubt For each of the following utterances, provide two situations so that one utterance performs two different acts Interpret the utterances and identify the acts performed in the light of the situations you provide - Who will pay for such a loss? - The gun is loaded - It’s cold in here - Why don’t you study French? - What a nice hat you’re wearing ! - Look before you leap - Do you know what time is it? - Smoking is strictly prohibited here - We’re running out of time - The ice cream is in the fridge - The ticket cost 50 dollars - There’s a lot of humor in the story - What are you waiting for? - He needs some ice for his sore shoulder - These two books are due tomorrow - None of the supermarkets in our town sells fresh fish today - Why don’t you live with your parents? - You’re home early What is the implicature you can draw from Mrs Nelson’s final utterance? Mrs Nelson : “You’ve misspelled the customer’s name It should be Snelling not Smelling” Debbie: “Hee - hee” Mrs.Nelson: “It’s not funny, Debbie If I hadn’t noticed it, we could have lost the order ” Interpret meaning of the following sentences, and identify the kinds of figurative language employed - Their next strategy is to expand their business to less developed countries - The huge locomotive snorted and belched its way across the plain - Don’t substitute the good for the bad - The man is a demon of energy Give situation, interpret the meaning and then classify the following utterances into different kinds of speech acts : - It’ll be ready tomorrow - We are going to turn you in - Authors always pay their debts - The food is really awful - We are going to be in the rainy season! - What time is it according to your watch? - We always call him “Jack of all the trades” Write down one implicature that can be drawn from the second speaker’s response in each of these two dialohues aA : “Did you finish your report?” B : “ I started it” bA: “Coffee?” B: “It would keep me awake all night” -aA: Did the band play for two hours? B: I left in the middle of the performance bA : The library is open on Saturday, isn’t it? B: Let’s find out -aA: Shall we sit here and talk? B: There’s no better place than here bA: How you like the new librarian at the information desk? B: You mean Ron? He’s been here as long as I have 10 Which of the sentences is lexically ambiguous? Which is structurally ambiguous? Provide two sentences that paraphrase the two meanings of each ambiguous sentence - They are cooking apples - They didn’t recognize the new Prime Minister 11 Explain why the following sentences are said to be semantically anomalous - What are your intentional plans for the summer holidays? - He stormed out of the room, slamming the door silently behind him 12 Decide whether each of the utterances below is performative; it not, why not - You congratulate me - I envy you 13 Using the locution, illocution, perlocution analysis, analyse Steve’s utterance - You interrupted me again - I was ride 14 In each of the following decide whether the interference in brackets is a presupposition or an implicature derived from the underlined utterance State the kind of the presupposition or the implicature and explain aJohn : My girlfriend lives in Luton Bill: My girlfriend lives in Paris (Bill has a girlfriend) bJane: Did you finish the report? Mary: I started it (mary didn’t finish the report) 15 Read the following sentence carefully and answer the questions English is spoken in more parts of the world than in any other language by more people than any other tongue except Chinese Is there any instance of synonymy in the above sentence? What is the sense relation between the terms English, language, Chinese in the above sentence? Like many other words in English, tongue is a polysemous word, which can lead to lexical ambiguity when it is used in a certain utterance Is the word tongue in the above sentence an instance of ambiguity? What is the figure of speech expressed through the use of tongue in the above sentence? 16 Identify the speech acts performed in the following underlined utterances A: Hey buddy! There’s a big hole in front of our classroom! B : Thanks A : You know what I found on he first day of my new school year? There’s a big hole in front of our classroom! B : Really? A : Oh my God! There’s a big hole in front of our classroom! B : It’s not unusual around here Đáp án đề Part one : SEMANTICS ( marks ) Polysemy ( m ) Polysemy is a sense relation in which a single word has two or more slightly different but closely related meanings The English noun chip, for example, can have the three following meanings: ( i ) a small piece of some hard substance which has been broken off from something larger : a chip of wood / glass ( ii ) a small cut piece of potato which is fried for eating : can I try one of your chips ? ( iii ) a small but vital piece of a computer : Thí computer has got a faster hip than the old one The three meanings are closely related because they all contain the semantic feature [ + small piece ] Utterance vs sentence ( m ) An UTTERANCE is the USE by a particular speaker, on a particular occasion, for a particular purpose, of a piece of language, such as a sequence of sentences, or a single phrase, or even a single word A SENTENCE is a string of words put togetther by the grammatical rules of a language It is an IDEAL string of words behind various realizations in utterances and inseriptions Jane : “ Coffee? ” Would you like some coffee ? Steve : “ Sure! ” I’m sure to love it Jane : “ white? ” Would you like ( black coffee or ) white coffee? Steve : “ Black ” I’d like black coffe, please ( one – word utterances ) ( Well – formed sentences ) Presuppositions ( m ) ( a ) The utterance presupposes that you gave me a CD ( b ) The utterance presupposes that I missed the last lecture ( c ) The utterance presupposes that you often come home after midnight (d ) The utterance presupposes that the little child drink milk Figures of speech (1m) (a) Pure, which is [+ container], stands for money, which is [+ what is kept] This is a metonymy The whole sentence means you should recongnize the power that is accompanied by her money (b) Never in a milion years is an overstatement/ a hyperbole The whole sentence means he will never admit defeat Speech acts (2m) (Anwers to this part of the test vary depending on the situations provided by the student) (a) “Who will pay for such a loss? ” SITUATION A: “Who will pay for such a loss? ” B: “I will” A direetly asks B for a piece of information This is A ROGATIVE SITUATION A: “We have to it depite ane loss” B: “Who will pay for such a loss? ” (I’m afraid that I can hardly agree with you) B indirectly rejects A’s suggestion This is AN EXPRESSIVE (b) “The gun is loaded” SITUATION A: “Be careful! The gun is loaded” (= “Stay away from the gun”) B: “Thanks for your timely warning ” A indireetly asks B to stay away from the gun This is A DIRECTIVE SITUATION Robber “Raise your hands!The gun is loaled” (= “I’ll kill you”) Passer – by: “OK! OK! ” (By stating the fact the gun is loaded) The robber indirectly thereatens to kill or injure the passer – by (if the latter does not raise his/ her hands) This is A COMMISSIVE Part two: WRITING (4 marks) Organization (1m): Clear outline as follows: Introduction: Thesis statement Body: Developmental paragraphs: topic sentence, transision, coherent supporting ideas, comcluding sentence Conclusion • Contents ( m ) : informative, abundant, clear • Vocabulary ( m ) : precise • Grammar ( m ) : right sentence patterns, no grammar mistakes ĐÁP ÁN ĐỀ Part one : SEMANTICS ( marks ) Anomaly ( m ) Anomaly is a violation of semantie rules to create nonsense That bachelor is pregant, for example, is semantically anomalous because the meaning of bachelor ineludes the semantic feature [ + male ] whereas pregnant is [ + feamale ] Explicit performtives vs implicit performatives ( m ) Explicit performatives are those that contain A PERFORMATIVE VERB while impicit performatives are those that not For “ I hereby WARN you that you will fail ” is an explicit performative Presuppositions ( m ) : ( a ) The utterance presupposes that my wife was not pleased with my answer ( b ) The utterance presupposes that I have a friend, and soon comes her birthday ( c ) The utterance presupposes that he tried to support himself ( d ) The utterance presupposes that the final exam is tricky Figures of speech ( m ) : ( a ) The childhood of the world is an expression of personification / a metaphor meaning the period of time during which the world was formed ( b ) The sentence consists of two metonymies : the bad stands for the neative aspects of life and the good stands for the positive ones Speech acts ( m ) : ( Answers to this part of the test vary depending on the situations provided by the student ) ( a ) : “ It’s cold in here ” STUATION : A : “ It’s cold in here ” ( = “ Do something to warm the room up, please ” ) B : “ I’ll shut the windows ” A indirectly asks / requests B to something to warm the room they are in up This is A DIRECTIVE SITUATION : A : “ I don’t think I stay in It’s cold in here ” B : “ All right Let’s go out for some exercise ” A directly gives the reason why / explains why he / she doesn’t like to stay in This is A REPRESENTATIVE ( b ) “ Why don’t you study French ? ” SITUATION : A: “ Why don’t you study French ? ” ( = “ You should study French ”) B : “ That’s what I thought Too ” A indirectly advises B to take a course in French This is A DIRECTIVE SITUATION : A : “ Why don’t you study French ? ” B : “ Because I don’t have time for it right now ” A directly asks for the reason why B refuses to take a course in French This is A ROGATIVE ĐÁP ÁN ĐỀ Part one : SEMANTICS ( marks ) Entailment (1m) Entailment relationship that applies between two sentences, where the truth of one implies the truth of the orther beacause of meanings of the words involved There are two types of entailment One way entailment: Alferd saw a bear asymmetrically entails (=>) Alferd saw an animal If Alferd saw a bear then he necessarily saw an animal; but if Alferd saw an animal, he could have seen a bear but not necessarily It could be a big bad wolf, for example Two way entailment: Paul borrowed a car from Sue symmetrically entails () Sue lent a car to Paul The entailments between this pair of sentences are mutual since the truth of either sentence guarantees the truth of the other Locution vs illocution (1m) The locution of a speech act is it’s basic litearl meaning, which is conveyed by its particular words and structures The illocution of a speech act is it’s intended effect(s): accusing, announcing, admitting, apologizing, begging, ordering, etc Take the utterance “I’m thirsty” as an example Sam: “I am thirsty” Annie: I’ll bring you a glass of water The locution of “I am thirsty” is my body dose not obitain enough water The illocution of “I am thirsty” is Sam requests Annie to give him something to drink Presuppsitions (1m) ( a ) The utterance presupposes that he was not pleased with the gift ( b ) The utterance presupposes that she will graduate from high school ( c ) The utterance presupposes that they tried to hand in their paper on time ( d ) The utterance presupposes that I turned down his proposal Figures of speech (1m) (a) Went to his long rest is a metaphor/a cuphemism which means died or breathed his last The whole sentence means it was wonderful how long old Forsyte had been on his death – bed before he breathed his last (b) The skinheads which is [+ part] is a syneedoche meaning young people with very short hair, which is [+whole] Speech acts (2m) (Answers to this part of the test vary depending on the situations provided by the student.) ( a ) : “ What a nice hat you’re wearing ” STUATION : A : “What a nice hat you’re wearing” B : “ Thanks for your nice comliment ” A directly compliments B on her new hat This is AN EXPRESSIVE SITUATION : A : “What think of this hat.” B : “ What a nice hat you’re wearing.” (= “Get rid of such an awful hat”) (Since nice may be an expression o irony which means quite opposite) B indirectly asks A to get rid of such an awful hat This is A DIRECTIVE ( b ) “ Look before you leap ” SITUATION : Teacher : “ John, read the first sentence on page 14 ? ” John : “ Look before your leap ” John just reads aloud what the teacher asks him to do, describing the content of the first snetence on page 14 This is A REPRESSENTATIVE SITUATION : A : “ Look before your leap ” B : “ Thanks for your advice ” A directly gives a piece of advice This is A DIRECTIVE ĐÁP ÁN Part one: SEMANTICS (6 marks) 1a Homonymy vs synoymy (1m) Homonymy is a relation in which various words have the same (written and sound) from but have different meanings For example, the noun bear, which refers to a large heavy animal with thick fur, the verb bear1, which means give birth to and the verb bear2 means tolerate, are homonymy Synonymy is a relation which variuos words have different (written and sound) forms but have the same or nearly the same meaning For example, the four E noun kind type, sort and variety are synonymys: they all refer to a group having similar chcaracteristics 1b A live metaphors vs a dead metaphor (1m) A dead metaphor is used so often that is has lost its metaphoric characteristics, the face of the table, the back of the chair, the mouth of the river, the head of the state.etc A live metaphor is an implied or indirect comparion which has a variety of figurative meanings through it’s endless use For example: Tom is a pig may be interpreted as Tom is short and fat Tom is slow and lazy Tom is greedy, Tom is not intelligent Tom is neither intelligent nor ambitious.etc 2a Presuppsitions (1m) ( a ) The utterance presupposes that the hearee already knows who John is ( b ) The utterance presupposes that he hea been taken in ( c ) The utterance presupposes that you quit smoking ( d ) The utterance presupposes that.there have been a number of examinations in Semantics so far 2b Figures of speech (1m) The smell of blood is implicitly compared to the murder of the king This is a metaphor The little hand, which is [+ part] is a syneedoche referring the Queen herself, which is [+whole] This sentence means there is nothing that can completely erase the terrible sin of murdering the king Summer, which is [+ part] is a syneedoche which stands for years, which is [+whole] This sentence means she was twenty years old/ twenty years of age Speech acts (2m) (Answers to this part of the test vary depending on the situations provided by the student.) ( a ) : “ Do you know what time it is? ” STUATION : Mary : “Oh, I forget my watch Do you know what time it is” Tome : “ It ‘s 7:05 ” Mary asks Tom for the time This is ROGATIVE SITUATION : John : “Hurry up or else we’ll miss the train Do you know that time it is?.” Linda : “Wait a minute!” A is really upset because B is too slow This is AN EXPRESSIVE ( b ) “ Smoking is strictly prohibited here ” SITUATION : Jack : “ Dose my smoking bother you? ” Gina : “ It doesn’t matter to me, but smoking is strictly prohibited here ” Gina directly informs Jack of the prohibition of smoking in that place This is A REPRESNTATIVE SITUATION : Alfred : “ Don’t you know that smoking is stictly prohibited here ” (= Do not smoke in here) Kevin : “ Sorry ” Alfred indirectly orders Kevin not to smoke in the place This is A DIRECTIVE Đáp án đề số Part one: SEMANTICS (6 marks) 1a Synonymy vs Antonymy (1 m) Synonymy is a relation in which various words have different (written and sound) forms but have the same or nearly the same meaning For example, the four English nouns kind, type, sort and variety are synonyms; they all refer to a group having similar characteristict Antonymy is a relation in which words have different (written and sound) forms and are opposite in meaning For example, true false, big small and buy sell are three pairs of antonyms 1b Lexical ambiguity vs structural ambiguity (1 m) A sentence is considered as structurally ambiguous when its structure permits more than one interpretation For example, Fred said that he would pay me on Thursday is structurally ambiguous because the adverbial on Thursday can modify either said or would pay Any ambiguity resulting from the ambiguity of a word is lexical ambiguity For example, that robot is bright is lexically ambiguous because the adjective bright has two slightly different but closely related meanings: shining and intelligent 2a Presupposition (0.5m) (i) The utterance presupposes that the speaker is supposed to go to Hanoi this weekend (ii) The utterance presupposes that the hearer had borrowed a book from the library 2b Conversational implicatures (0.5 m) Mrs Thompson’s final utterance may implicate that Debbie is not allowed to misspell her customers’ names Figures of speech (1 m) (i) A cloud was implicitly compared to something that had happened and threatened to destroy their friendship This sentence is a metaphor which means there was something wrong with their friendship (ii) A great mind Which is [+ part] Is a synecdoche meaning an erudite scholar, which is [+ whole] Speech acts (2 m) (answers to this part of the test vary depending on the situations provided by the student.) (a) ‘We’re running out of time’ SITUATION 1: A: ‘How much time have we got for the project?’ B: ‘We’re running out of time’ B states the fact that there is no time left This is A REPRESENTATIVE B gives a piece of information (to answer A’s question) This is A REPRESENTATIVE SITUATION 2: Janet: ‘Our oral presentation is not as well-prepared as it should be.’ Mary: ‘We’re running out of time’ (By stating the fact that there is no time left to anything more to their oral presentation), Mary indirectly suggests that Janet should accept what they’ve done for the presentation This is A DIRECTIVE b the speaker has the ability to the act (người nói có đủ lực để thực hành động đó) c the hearer prefers the speaker to tha act rather than not to it (người nghe muốn người nói thực hành động đó) d the speaker would not otherwise usually the act (thông thường người nói khơng muốn thực hành động khơng có lời hứa) e the speaker intends to act (người nói dự định thực hành động này) * TYPES OF SPEECH ACTS: Types (có loại hành động ngôn từ) - Direct speech act means exactly what he or she says.(hành động trực tiếp hành động mang ý nghĩa xác với nói) - Indirect speech act is one which is performed through the performance of another act (hành động gián tiếp hành động thực thông qua hành động khác) e.g: It’s hot in here (indirect speech acts) (Ở nóng) Open the window please ( direct speech act) (Làm ơn mở cửa sổ) Intended act: xem tập, cho tình Representative: telling people how things are (đại diện :người nói làm điều được) Commissive : commit himself to doing something (hứa hẹn : ràng buộc người nói phải làm điều đó) Directive: getting the hearer to something (cầu khiến : bắt người nghe phải làm điều đó) Expressive: expressing feelings (diễn đạt : diễn đạt cảm xúc VD : xin lỗi, phàn nàn, cám ơn, chúc mừng) Declarative (tuyên bố : làm thay đổi tình trạng tại) Rogative: request for information (yêu cầu cung cấp thông tin) * DEIXIS (chỉ tố): Deictic terms are these which directly relates an utterance to the context of situation (thuật ngữ từ trực phát ngơn có liên quan trực tiếp đến tình ngữ cảnh) a Person deixis: are those which directly relates an utterance to the participants (chỉ tố nhân vật: từ mà phát ngơn có liên quan trực tiếp đến người tham gia) b Place deixis: are those which directly relates an utterance to the place of an utterance (chỉ tố nơi chốn từ mà phát ngôn có liên quan trực tiếp đến nơi phát ngơn) c Time deixis: are those which directly relates an utterance to the time of an utterance (chỉ tố thời gian từ mà phát ngơn có liên quan trực tiếp đến thời điểm phát ngôn) e.g: I’ll be here tomorrow I = person Here = place Tomorrow = time * THE COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE (các nguyên tắc hợp tác): basic principle underlying all human verbal interaction (tất nguyên tắc người tương tác lời nói) maxims( châm ngôn) a The maxim of Quality: what we say should be true (những bạn nói phải đúng) b The maxim of Quantity: what we say should be brief (những bạn nói phải ngắn gọn) c The maxim of Relevance: what we say should be relevant (Liên quan : bạn nói phải liên quan) d The maxim of Manner: what we say should be clear (Cách thức : nói nên rõ ràng) - avoid obscurity, ambiguity (tránh tối nghĩa, mơ hồ) - be brief, orderly (ngắn gọn, có trật tự) * PRESUPPOSITION and IMPLICATURE (tiền giả định hàm ngôn) Presupposition is what the speaker assumes the hearer already knows (tiền giả định người nói giải sử người nghe biết) Implicature is what the speaker implies / suggests as distinct from what he / she literally says.(hàm ngơn người nói ngụ ý/ gợi ý khác với anh ta/ ta nói theo nghĩa đen) Presupposition remain unchanged under negation (tiền giả định không qua phép phủ định) Implicature change under negation (hàm ngôn thay đổi qua phép phủ định) Presupposition is independent of context (tiền giả định độc lập với ngữ cảnh) Implicature depend on context (hàm ngôn phụ thuộc vào ngữ cảnh) Definite Noun Phrases: (xác định ngữ danh từ) The, this, that, these, those, his, her, him, he, she John’s – 3rd Proper names e.g: Jane just can’t get over her mother’s death (Jane vượt qua chết mẹ cô ấy) ⇒ the speaker assumes the hearer already knows who “Jane” / she is (người nói giả sử người nghe biết Jane) e.g: He lost his car ⇒ " The speaker assumes the hearer already knows who “ he” is ⇒" His car " He had a car “More”, “again”, “another”, “other”… e.g: Would you like some more coffee? (bạn có muốn thêm cà phê không?) ⇒ "You (hearer) has / have had coffee (người nghe có cà phê) Pass, fail ( test, exam) e.g: she failed the test (cô rớt kỳ thi) ⇒ " She took the test (cô thi) stop, continue, resume, start, end,… Ex : After while, they stop arguing (sau lúc, họ ngừng tranh cãi) ⇒ The had been arguing (họ tranh cãi) Wish, dream, imagine, pretend + P if only – should have +p.p " not P Ex : She pretended to be sleeping (cô giả vờ ngủ) ⇒ She wasn’t sleeping (Cô không ngủ) If only you were here (Ước bạn đây) ⇒ You are not here (bạn không đây) know, be aware, realize, regret + P Ex : She regretted not telling the truth (Cơ ân hận khơng nói thật) ⇒ She had not tell the truth (Cô khơng nói thật) Wh-question Ex :Why did he quit the job? (tại việc) ⇒ He quit the job (Anh ta việc) Dependent clauses (mệnh đề phụ) : thơng thường tiền giả định câu Ex :After he died, they sold his house ⇒ He died ⇒ The S assumes the H already knows who “they” are ⇒ He had a house * What are proforms? Give two example to illustrate Proforms which can serve as replacements for different elements in sentence (có thể đưa thay cho yếu tố khác câu) 1) A: I hope you can come (Tơi hy vọng bạn đến) B: I hope so (So replaces that I can come) (Tôi thay cho Tơi đến) 2) A: I like green tea.(Tơi thích trà xanh) B: I too (Do replaces like green tea) (từ “do” thay cho thích trà xanh) Indentify the persupposition(s) in the following utterances: - The CD you gave me is quite interesting : you gave me a CD ( Đĩa CD bạn cho thú vị : bạn cho đĩa CD) - I regret missing the last lecture : I missed the last lecture ( Tôi tiếc bỏ giảng cuối : Tôi bỏ giảng cuối cùng_ - Can you stop coming home after midnight? : you often come home after midnight (Bạn dừng việc nhà sau nửa đêm không? : Bạn thường nhà sau nửa đêm) - I’m going to buy some milk for the little child : the little child drink milk (Tơi mua sữa cho đứa nhỏ : đứa nhỏ uống sữa) - My wife pretended to be pleased with my answer : my wife was not pleased with my answer (Vợ tơi giả vờ hài lịng với câu trả lời : vợ không hài long với câu trả lời tôi) - On the occasion of my friend’s birthday, I intend to buy her a vase : I have a friend, and soon comes her birthday (Nhân dịp sinh nhật bạn tơi: tơi có người bạn, tới sinh nhật cô ấy) - He didn’t manage to support himself : he tried to support himself (Anh ta không quản lý để hỗ trợ : cố gắng để hỗ trợ - It’s odd how tricky the final exam is : the final exam is tricky (Thật dư khôn khéo để vựôt qua kỳ thi cuối : kỳ thi cuối địi hỏi phải khéo léo) - He pretended to be pleased with the gift - he was not pleased with the gift (Anh ta giả vờ hài lịng với q : khơng hài lịng với q - When will she graduate from high school? will graduate from high school (Khi cô tốt nghiệp PTTH? : tốt nghiệp PTTH) - The didn’t manage to hand in their paper on time - they tried to hand in their paper on time (Không nhúng tay vào báo : họ cố nhúng tay vào báo họ giờ) - I wish I hadn’t turned down his proposal - I turned down his proposal (Tơi ước tơi từ chối lời đề nghị ông : từ chối lời đề nghị ông) - John was quite unpopular/ the hearer already knows who John is (John ưa chuộng : người nghe biết John ai) - He didn’t realize he had been taken in : he had been taken in (Anh ta không nhận thực : thực hiện) - When did you quit smoking? you quit smoking (Khi bạn bỏ thuốc lá? : bạn bỏ thuốc lá) - The examination in Semantics is so easy this time / there have been a number of examinations in Semantics so far (Kỳ thi môn Semantics thời gian thật dễ dàng : có số kỳ thi Semantics nay) - I am not able to go to Hanoi this weekend / the speaker is supposed to go to Hanoi this weekend (Tôi Hà nội cuối tuần : người nói tưởng Hà Nội cuối tuần này) - Did you return the book to the library?/ the hearer had borrowed a book from the library (Bạn trả sách cho thư viện chưa? Người nghe mượn quyền sách từ thư viện) - She pretended that the gift had pleased her/ the gift did not please her (Cô giả vờ hài lịng với q : q khơng làm hài lịng) - They were rich./ the hearer already knows who they are (Họ giàu có/ người nghe biết họ ai) - You will be amazed when you see the view/ there is a beautiful view somewhere (Bạn ngạc nhiên bạn xem quang cảnh/ có cảnh đẹp đâu đó) - Their son is not naughty./ they have a son (Con trai họ khơng hư hỏng/ họ có đứa trai) - You can try asking Martin for help/ both the speaker and the listener know who Martin is (Họ cố gắng hỏi Martin giúp đỡ/ người nói người nghe biết Martin ai) - I regret drinking so much last night/ the speaker drank so much the night before (Tôi tiếc uống nhiều vào đêm qua/ người nói uống nhiều đêm trước) - Even Bill could solve that problem : the speaker did not think that Bill manages to solve the problem (Thậm chí Bill giải vấn đề đó/ người nói khơng nghĩ Bill xếp giải vấn đề) - She pretended she was not at home when the bell rang.: she was at home when the bell rang (Cô ta giả vờ không nhà điện thoại reo/ cô nhà điện thoại reo) - I’ve been dreaming of having a house of my own/ I haven’t had/onwed/possessed any house (yet) (Tôi mơ ước có ngơi nhà riêng mình/ Tơi không sở hữu nhà cả) - If they hadn’t waited until the last minute, they would have passed the exam./ They waited until the last minute (and thus they failed the exam) (Nếu họ đợi đến phút cuối cùng, họ thông qua kỳ thi/ Họ đợi đến phút cuối (do họ tới kỳ thi)) - Where did you buy the motorbike? / You bought the motorbike (Bạn mua xe máy đâu?/ Bạn mua xe máy) - You are late for the meeting again./ You were late before (Bạn trễ cho gặp lại/ Bạn trễ hẹn trước) Interpret the following sentences and identify the fingure(s) of speech employed (Giải thích câu sau xác định phép tu từ ) - Why don’t you recognize the power of her purse? : This is a metonymy The whole sentence means you should recognize the power that is accompanied by her money (Tại bạn không nhận quyền lực đồng tiền ấy? Đây phép hốn dụ Tồn câu có nghĩa là: bạn nên nhận sức mạnh kèm theo tiền ấy) - Never in a million years will he admit defeat : Never in a million years is an overstatement/ a hyperbole The whole sentence means he will never admit defeat (Không triệu năm qua thưa nhận thất bại Không triệu năm phép phóng đại Tồn câu văn nghĩa không thừa nhận thất bại) - I don’t know much about the childhood of the world : The childhood of the world is an expression of personification / a metaphor meaning the period of time during which the world was formed (Tôi nhiều thời sơ khai giới Thời sơ khai giới biểu nhân cách hóa/ phép ẩn dụ nghĩa suốt khoảng thời gian mà giới lập ra) - Take the bad with the good - The sentence consists of two metonymies : the bad stands for the negative aspects of life and the good stands for the positive ones (Mang điều xấu với tốt Câu gồm phép hoán dụ : xấu đại diện cho khía cạnh tiêu cực sống tốt đại diện cho khía cạnh tích cực sống) - One more old Forsyte went to his long rest… wonderfully how he had held on./ Went to his long rest is a metaphor/a euphemism which means died or breathed his last The whole sentence means it was wonderful how long old Forsyte had been on his death – bed before he breathed his last (Hơn Forsyte cũ hết chặng đường dài ông ta…thật tuyệt vời làm ơng giữ nó./ hết chặng đường dài ông ta phép ẩn dụ/ uyển ngữ mà nghĩa chết trút thở cuối Toàn câu nghĩa : thật tuyệt vời Forsyte cũ đến với chết ông ta – trước ông ta trút thở cuối cùng) - The skinheads have constituted a social problem in the west./ The skinheads which is [+ part] is a synecdoche meaning young people with very short hair, which is [+whole] (Những niên đầu trọc trở thành mốt vấn đề xã hội miền tây/ Những niên đầu trọc phần phép chuyển ngữ, nghĩa : người trẻ tuổi với mái tóc ngắn, mà tồn bộ) - Here’s the smell of blood still All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand (Lady Macbeth is remorseful over the murder of the king) / The smell of blood is implicitly compared to the murder of the king This is a metaphor The little hand, which is [+ part] is a synecdoche referring the Queen herself, which is [+whole] This sentence means there is nothing that can completely erase the terrible sin of murdering the king (Ở mùi máu Tất loại nước hoa Ả Rập không làm bàn tay nhỏ bé Quý bà Macbeth hối hận chết nhà vua./ Mùi máu phép ngầm so sánh với chết nhà vua Đâylà phép ẩn dụ Bàn tay nhỏ phần phép chuyển ngữ nói đến thân nữ hồng, mà tồn Câu nghĩa : khơng có hồn tồn xóa tội lỗi khủng khiếp việc giết hại nhà vua) - She is a girl of twenty summers/ Summer, which is [+ part] is a synecdoche which stands for years, which is [+whole] This sentence means she was twenty years old/ twenty years of age (Cô cô gái 20 xuân xanh/ Xuân xanh phần phép chuyển ngữ mà đại diện cho nhiều năm, mà toàn Câu nghĩa : cô 20 tuổi) - A cloud appeared over their friendship./ A cloud was implicitly compared to something that had happened and threatened to destroy their friendship This sentence is a metaphor which means there was something wrong with their friendship (Một đám mây xuất tình bạn họ Đám mây so sánh ngầm với điều xảy đe dọa để hủy hoại tình bạn họ Câu ẩn dụ mà có nghĩa “ có điều sai với tình bạn họ) - When the speaker finished his talk, we knew that we had been listening to a great mind./ A great mind Which is [+ part] Is a synecdoche meaning an erudite scholar, which is [+ whole].et (Khi người nói kết thúc nói chuyện anh ta, biết nghe ý kiến tuyệt vời/ ý kiến tuyệt vời phần phép chuyển ngữ nghĩa học giả uyên bác, toàn bộ) - I want to take part in the contest bit I don’t have the nerve/ Metonymy - Being one of the groups of the fibers controlling our movement, feelings and mental states such as fear or determination (literal meaning), “the nerve” is figuratively used to substitute for “determination”, “bravery” or “courage” In this case The controller substitutes for the controlled (Tôi muốn tham gia vào đoạn thi cam đảm/Hốn dụ - Là nhóm điều khiển tính cách chuyển chúng tơi, cảm giác trạng thái tinh thần lo sợ hay tâm (nghĩa đen), “can đảm” nghĩa bóng để thay cho tâm, dũng cảm hay can đảm Trong trường hợp này, người khiển thay cho kiểm soát) - I know he’s your brother, but you shouldn’t let your personal feelings cloud your judgment/metaphor :confuse things so that you can’t hudge the situation properly (Tôi biết anh bạn, bạn không nên để cảm xúc cá nhân bạn đám mây bao phủ định bạn/ ẩn dụ : nhầm lẫn để bạn giải tình cho đúng) - The president claimed that his administration contained the best brain in the country./ synecdoche : intellectual brilliant person (Tổng thống tuyên bố quyền ơng có não tốt nước/Phép chuyển ngữ: người có trí tuệ tuyệt vời) - Her beloved father was laid to rest in this cemetery/ Was laid to rest is a euphemism meaning was buried (Người cha yêu quý cô an nghỉ nghĩa trang này/ an nghỉ phép uyển ngữ nghĩa chôn cất) - Don’t live in such a sea of doubt Live in a sea of doubt is an overstatement/ an expression of hyperbole meaning be too suspicious Doubt is implicitly compared to a sea, both being characteristic of their immeasurability This is a metaphor (Đừng sống biển nghi ngờ Sống biển nghi ngờ phép phóng đại nghĩa đáng ngờ Nghi ngờ so sánh ngầm với biển cả, đặc tính họ vô hạn Đây phép ẩn dụ) For each of the following utterances, provide two situations so that one utterance performs two different acts Interpret the utterances and identify the acts performed in the light of the situations you provide (Đối với lời phát biểu sau đây, cung cấp hai tình để thực phát ngơn có tình khác Giải thích phát ngơn xác định hành động tình mà bạn cung cấp) - Who will pay for such a loss? Ai trả tiền cho mát vậy? SITUATION A: “Who will pay for such a loss? ” (Ai trả tiền cho mát vậy?) B: “I will” (Tôi sẽ) A directly asks B for a piece of information This is A ROGATIVE ( A trực tiếp hỏi B mảnh thông tin Đây Rogative) SITUATION A: “We have to it despite any loss” (Chúng ta phải làm điều bất chấp mác này) B: “Who will pay for such a loss? ” (Ai trả tiền cho mát vậy?) (I’m afraid that I can hardly agree with you) (Tôi sợ đồng ý với bạn) B indirectly rejects A’s suggestion This is AN EXPRESSIVE ( B gián tiếp bác bỏ đề nghị A Đây diễn đạt) - The gun is loaded (Súng nạp đạn) SITUATION A: “Be careful! The gun is loaded” (= “Stay away from the gun”) (Cẩn thận ! Súng nạp đạn (=tránh xa súng ra) B: “Thanks for your timely warning ” (Cám ơn lời cảnh báo kịp thời bạn) A indirectly asks B to stay away from the gun This is A DIRECTIVE (A gián tiếp yêu cầu B tránh xa súng Đây phép cầu khiến) SITUATION Robber “Raise your hands! The gun is loaded” (= “I’ll kill you”) (Giơ tay lên! Súng nạp đạn) Passer – by: “OK! OK! ” (By stating the fact the gun is loaded) The robber indirectly threatens to kill or injure the passer – by (if the latter does not raise his/ her hands) This is A COMMISSIVE (Theo thực tế súng nạp đạn Tên cướp gián tiếp đe dọa giết làm bị thương hành khánh sau anh/chị khơng giơ tay lên Đây lời hứa hẹn) - It’s cold in here STUATION : A : “ It’s cold in here ” ( = “ Do something to warm the room up, please ” ) B : “ I’ll shut the windows ” A indirectly asks / requests B to something to warm the room they are in up This is A DIRECTIVE (A gián tiếp u cầu B làm để ấm phòng họ Đây phép cầu khiến) SITUATION : A : “ I don’t think I stay in It’s cold in here ” (Tôi không nghĩ lại Ở lạnh) B : “ All right Let’s go out for some exercise ” (Được Chúng ta làm tập vậy) A directly gives the reason why / explains why he / she doesn’t like to stay in This is A REPRESENTATIVE (A trực tiếp đưa lý giải thích anh ta/ ta khơng thích lại Đây phép đại diện) - Why don’t you study French? SITUATION : A: “ Why don’t you study French ? ” ( = “ You should study French ”) B : “ That’s what I thought Too ” (Đó tơi nghĩ) A indirectly advises B to take a course in French This is A DIRECTIVE (A gián tiếp tư vấn B tham gia học khóa tiếng Pháp Đây phép cầu khiến) SITUATION : A : “ Why don’t you study French ? ” B : “ Because I don’t have time for it right now ” A directly asks for the reason why B refuses to take a course in French This is A ROGATIVE (A trực tiếp hỏi B lý B từ chối học khóa tiếng Pháp Đây Rogative) - What a nice hat you’re wearing ! STUATION : A : “What a nice hat you’re wearing” B : “ Thanks for your nice compliment ” A directly compliments B on her new hat This is AN EXPRESSIVE (A trực tiếp khen B nón Đây diễn đạt) SITUATION : A : “What think of this hat.” B : “ What a nice hat you’re wearing.” (= “Get rid of such an awful hat”) (A nice may be an expression irony which means quite opposite) (Từ đẹp diễn tả châm biếm trái với nghĩa thường) B indirectly asks A to get rid of such an awful hat This is A DIRECTIVE (B gián tiếp yêu cầu A để thoát khỏi chiến nón tệ hại Đây phép cầu khiến) - Look before you leap SITUATION : Teacher : “ John, read the first sentence on page 14 ? ” ("John, đọc câu trang 14? ") John : “ Look before your leap ”(Hãy nhìn kỹ trước bạn nhảy) John just reads aloud what the teacher asks him to do, describing the content of the first sentence on page 14 This is A REPRESSENTATIVE (John cần đọc to giáo viên hỏi ơng ta làm, mô tả nội dung câu trang 14 Đây đại diện) SITUATION : A : “ Look before your leap ” (Hãy nhìn kỹ trước bạn nhảy) B : “ Thanks for your advice ” (cám ơn lời khuyên bạn) A directly gives a piece of advice This is A DIRECTIVE ( A trực tiếp đưa B mảnh thông tin Đây phép cầu khiến) - Do you know what time is it? STUATION : Mary : “Oh, I forget my watch Do you know what time it is” (ồ, tơi qn mang đồng hồ Bạn có không?) Tome : “ It ‘s 7:05 ” Mary asks Tom for the time This is ROGATIVE (Mary hỏi Tom thời gian Đây Rogavtive) SITUATION : John : “Hurry up or else we’ll miss the train Do you know that time it is?.” Linda : “Wait a minute!” A is really upset because B is too slow This is AN EXPRESSIVE (B thật bực A chậm Đây diễn đạt) - Smoking is strictly prohibited here (Nghiêm cấm hút thuốc đây.) SITUATION : Jack : “ Dose my smoking bother you? ” ("Liều thuốc phiền bạn? ") Gina : “ It doesn’t matter to me, but smoking is strictly prohibited here ” ("Nó khơng quan trọng với tôi, nghiêm cấm hút thuốc ") Gina directly informs Jack of the prohibition of smoking in that place This is A REPRESNTATIVE.( Gina trực tiếp thông báo cho Jack việc cấm hút thuốc nơi Đây đại diện) SITUATION : Alfred : “ Don’t you know that smoking is strictly prohibited here ” (= Do not smoke in here) Kevin : “ Sorry ” Alfred indirectly orders Kevin not to smoke in the place This is A DIRECTIVE (Alfred gián tiếp lệnh cho Kevin không hút thuốc nơi Đây phép cầu khiến) - We’re running out of time.(chúng ta chạy đua với thời gian) SITUATION 1: A: ‘How much time have we got for the project?’ (chúng ta nhận dự án rồi?) B: ‘We’re running out of time’.(chúng ta chạy đua với thời gian) B states the fact that there is no time left This is A REPRESENTATIVE (tình trạng B thật khơng có nhiều thời gian Đây đại diện) B gives a piece of information (to answer A’s question) This is A REPRESENTATIVE (B đưa mảnh thông báo để A trả lời Đây đại diện) SITUATION 2: Janet: ‘Our oral presentation is not as well-prepared as it should be.’('bài thuyết trình chúng tơi khơng chuẩn bị tốt nên có) Mary: ‘We’re running out of time’ (By stating the fact that there is no time left to anything more to their oral presentation), Mary indirectly suggests that Janet should accept what they’ve done for the presentation This is A DIRECTIVE (Theo nêu thực tế khơng có thời gian cịn lại để làm điều cho thuyết trình họ), Mary gián tiếp đề nghị Janet nên chấp nhận họ làm cho việc trình bày Đây phép cầu khiến) - The ice cream is in the fridge SITUATION 1: A: ‘Where’s the dessert?’ (Món tráng miệng đâu) B: ‘The ice cream is in the fridge’ B directly informs A of what is prepared for dessert and where it is kept This is A REPRESENTATIVE (B trực tiếp thông báo cho A chuẩn bị cho tráng miệng nơi lưu giữ Đây đại diện) SITUATION 2: A: ‘The ice cream is in the fridge’ (= ‘Have some ice cream, please’) B: ‘No, thanks, I’m full.’ A indirectly invites B to have some ice cream This is A DIRECTIVE (A gián tiếp mời B kem Đây phép cầu khiến) What is the implicature you can draw from Mrs Nelson’s final utterance? (Hàm ý bạn rút từ phát ngôn cuối bà Nelson) Mrs Nelson : “You’ve misspelled the customer’s name It should be Snelling not Smelling” ("Bạn sai tả tên khách hàng Nó nên Snelling khơng phải Smelling ".) Debbie: “Hee - hee” Mrs.Nelson: “It’s not funny, Debbie If I hadn’t noticed it, we could have lost the order ” (Thật không buồn cười, Debbie Nếu không nhận nó, có lẽ đơn đặt hàng rồi) Mrs Nelson’s final utterance may implicate that Debbie is not allowed to misspell her customers’ names (Phát ngôn cuối bà Nelson ngụ ý Debbie không phép viết sai tên khách hành nữa) Interpret meaning of the following sentences, and identify the kinds of figurative language employed (Giải thích ý nghĩa câu sau đây, xác định nghĩa bóng/ phép tu từ) - Their next strategy is to expand their business to less developed countries./ Less developed countries is a euphemism which really means poor countries (Chiến lược họ mở rộng kinh doanh sang nước phát triển / nước phát triển cách nói uyển ngữ mà thực có nghĩa nước nghèo) - The huge locomotive snorted and belched its way across the plain./ The huge locomotive is given two human actions: snorted and belched The sentence in questions an expression of personification which means the huge locomotive made a string of strange, irritating sounds and released a lot of smoke while it was moving across the plain (Các đầu máy lớn hít phun theo cách đồng / Các đầu máy khổng lồ có hai hành động người: hít phun Câu câu hỏi biểu nhân cách hóa có nghĩa đầu máy lớn thực chuỗi lạ, âm kích thích phát nhiều khói, di chuyển đồng ) - Don’t substitute the good for the bad./ … the good and the bad in this context means good work and bad work.This is metonymy (cái tốt không thay cho xấu/… Tốt xấu ngữ cảnh có nghĩa làm việc tốt xấu Đây hoán dụ) - The man is a demon of energy / … a demon of energy in this context means the man is very energetic/Full of energy/very active This is metaphor (Người đàn ông quỷ lượng./… Một quỷ lượng bối cảnh có nghĩa người đàn ơng động / tồn lượng / tích cực Đây phép ẩn dụ) Give situation, interpret the meaning and then classify the following utterances into different kinds of speech acts : (Đưa tình huống, giải thích ý nghĩa sau phân loại phát ngơn sau vào loại hành vi phát ngôn) - It’ll be ready tomorrow (a) ‘It’ll be ready tomorrow.’ Mary’s boss: ‘When will I have your report?’ (Khi tơi có báo cáo bạn?) Mary: ‘It’ll be ready tomorrow.’ (= ‘I’ll finish it tomorrow.’) Nó sẵn sàng vào ngày mai (= 'Tơi hồn thành vào ngày mai.') Mary indirectly promises to finish the report the next day This is A COMMISSIVE (Mary gián tiếp hứa hẹn hoàn thành báo cáo ngày hôm sau Đây hứa hẹn) - ‘You’ll be too hot in the sun.’ A: ‘I think I’ll put on the wool suit.’ (Tôi nghĩ mặc đồ len) B: ‘You’ll be too hot in the sun.’ (= You shouldn’t wear the wool suit.’) B indirectly advises A not to wear the wool suit This is A DIRECTIVE (B gián tiếp tư vấn cho A không mặc đồ len Đây phép cầu khiến) - Authors always pay their debts (Tác giả trả nợ cho họ) A: ‘Authors always pay their debts’ B: ‘I can’t agree more.’ (Tôi đồng ý hơn) A directly states the fact that no one can avoid paying his/her own debt(s) This is A REPRESENTATIVE (A trực tiếp nói tình trạng thực tế không tránh khỏi phải trả tiền ông / bà riêng Đây đại diện) - The food is really awful.’ A: ‘I love this pizza Why don’t you try it?’ B: ‘Already And the food is really awful to me.’ B directly shows that he/she extremely dislikes the food This is AN EXPRESSIVE (B trực tiếp cho thấy anh / cô không thích thực phẩm Đây diễn đạt) Write down one implicature that can be drawn from the second speaker’s response in each of these two dialogues (Viết hàm ý mà bạn rút từ phản ứng người nói thứ đoạn hội thoại) a- A : “Did you finish your report?” B : “ I started it” B’s utterance may implicate that he/she didn’t finish the report.(phát ngơn B hàm ý anh ta/cơ ta khơng hồn thành báo cáo) bA: “Coffee?” B: “It would keep me awake all night”.( Nó giữ cho tơi tỉnh táo đêm) B’s utterance may implicate that he/she won’t have any coffee .(phát ngơn B hàm ý anh ta/cô ta không muốn thêm cà phê) -a A: Did the band play for two hours? (ban nhạc chơi 2h phải không?) B: I left in the middle of the performance (Tôi nửa buổi trình diễn) B’s utterance may implicate that he/she didn’t know (phát ngơn B hàm ý anh ta/cô ta không biết) bA : The library is open on Saturday, isn’t it? B: Let’s find out (Chúng ta tìm hiểu) B’s utterance may implicate that he/she does not know (phát ngơn B hàm ý anh ta/cô ta không biết) -aA: Shall we sit here and talk? (Chúng ta ngồi nói chuyện) B: There’s no better place than here (Khơng có địa điểm tốt so với đây) B’s utterance may implicate that this is the best place for private talks (phát ngôn B hàm ý nơi tốt để nói chuyện riêng) bA: How you like the new librarian at the information desk? (bạn thích người thủ thư bạn thông tin chứ?) B: You mean Ron? He’s been here as long as I have (Bạn nói nghĩa Ron? Anh ta lâu rồi) B’s utterance may implicate that Ron is not as new as you thought .(phát ngơn B hàm ý Ron bạn nghĩ) Which of the sentences is lexically ambiguous? Which is structurally ambiguous? Provide two sentences that paraphrase the two meanings of each ambiguous sentence (Cái mờ nghĩa từ vựng? Cái cấu trúc mơ hồ? Cung cấp câu để diễn giải ý nghĩa câu mờ nghĩa) - They are cooking apples : structurally ambiguous (Họ nấu trái táo : cấu trúc mơ hồ) + They are apples used for cooking (Họ sử dụng táo để nấu ăn) + The apples are cooked (Những trái táo nấu) - They didn’t recognize the new Prime Minister : lexically ambiguous (Họ không nhận Thủ tướng Chính phủ : mờ nghĩa từ vựng) + They didn’t know who he was (Họ ông ta ai) + They didn’t accept him as Prime Minister (Họ không chấp nhận ông làm thủ tướng) 10 Explain why the following sentences are said to be semantically anomalous(Giải thích câu gọi câu vô nghĩa) - What are your intentional plans for the summer holidays? (Bạn có kế hoạch cố ý cho kỳ nghỉ hè?) One of the semantic features of the noun plan is [+intentional]; therefore, it is unusual for the adjective intentional to modify the very noun (mộttrong thành tố nghĩa danh từ “kế hoạch” [+cố ý]; thế, bất thường tính từ “cố ý” để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ “rất” - He stormed out of the room, slamming the door silently behind him (Anh ta xơng khỏi phịng, đóng sầm cánh cửa phòng sau lưng cách lặng lẽ) Slam means shut (sth) forcefully and loudly, therefore, the verb is not compatibly modified by the adverb silently (Đóng sẩm nghĩa đóng cửa cách mạnh lớn, thế, động từ khơng tương ứng bổ nghĩa trạng từ “một cách lặng lẽ”) 11 Decide whether each of the utterances below is performative; it not, why not (Quyết định xem phát ngôn đây, biểu hiện, không, sao) - “You congratulate me” is not performative The verb congratulate is performative, but the subject is not in the first person If we use HEREBY test, “you hereby congratulate me” sounds odd ("Bạn chúc mừng tôi" performative Động từ chúc mừng biểu hiện, đối tượng người Nếu sử dụng thử nghiệm cách này, “ bạn chúc mừng tơi” nghe thừa.) - “I envy you” is not performative The speaker can’t envy someone simply by speaking, so envy is not a performative verb If we use HEREBY test, “I hereby envy you” sounds odd ("Tôi ghen tị bạn" khơng phải performative Người nói khơng thể ghen tị đơn giản cách nói, đó, ghen tị khơng phải động từ performative Nếu sử dụng thử nghiệm cách này, “ Tơi ghen tị bạn” nghe thừa) 12 Using the locution, illocution, perlocution analysis, analyse Steve’s utterance (Sử dụng cách phát biểu, hành động ngôn trung hành động xun ngơn để phân tích phát ngơn Steve) Jane : “You interrupted me again” (bạn lại ngắt lời tôi) Steve : “I was rude” (Tôi thật bất lịch sự) A likely possibility would be : (Một khả là) Locution : Steve uttered the words “I was rude” which can be semantically paraphrased as “I was ill-mannered” with “I” referring to Steve (Cách phát ngôn : Steve lên lời “Tôi thật bất lịch sự” mà diễn giải ngữ nghĩa “Tôi thô lỗ” với từ“Tôi” đề cập đến Steve) Illocution : Steve performed the act of apologizing to Jane for having interrupted (Hành động ngôn trung : Steve thực hành vi xin lỗi với Jane cho việc bị ngắt lời) Perlocution : Jane accepted Steve’s apology (or other possibilities) (hành động xuyên ngôn : Jane chấp nhận lời xin lỗi Steve (hoặc có khả khác) 13 In each of the following decide whether the interference in brackets is a presupposition or an implicature derived from the underlined utterance State the kind of the presupposition or the implicature and explain ( Trong định sau đây, từ ngoặc đơn đoán trước ngụ ý bắt nguồn từ phát ngơn gạch Loại tình trạng tiền giả định ngụ ý giải thích) aJohn : My girlfriend lives in Luton (Bạn giái sống Luton) Bill: My girlfriend lives in Paris (Bill has a girlfriend) Bill has a girlfriend is a presupposition as it is made from Bill’s isolated utterance “My girlfriend lives in Paris” The presupposition requires no previous utterance to arrive at the inference The presupposition does not depend on John’s utterance The specific word my triggers the presupposition so that it is a lexical presupposition (Bill có bạn gái đoán trước lập từ phát ngơn Bill “Bạn gái sống Paris” Sự đoán trước yêu cầu phát ngơn trước để đến kết luận Các đoán trước không phụ thuộc vào phát ngôn John Từ cụ thể “của tôi” gây tiền giả định Vì tiền giả định từ vựng) b Jane: Did you finish the report? Mary: I started it (Mary didn’t finish the report) Mary didn’t finish the report is an implicature because (1) depends on Jane’s utterance “Did you finish the report?” (An implicature always requires a previous utterance to arrive at the inference) and (2) the two speakers are adhering to the co-operation principle (Mary khơng hồn thành báo cáo ngụ ý (1) phụ thuộc vào phát ngơn Jane “Bạn hoàn thành báo cáo chưa?” – Sự ngụ ý ln ln u cầu phát ngơn trước để đến suy luận) (2) người nói tôn trọng nguyên tắc hợp tác) 14 Identify the speech acts performed in the following underlined utterances (xác định hành động phát ngôn hành vi sau thực phát gạch dưới) A: Hey buddy! There’s a big hole in front of our classroom! (Hey buddy! Có lỗ lớn phía trước lớp học chúng tôi!) B : Thanks In this utterance, the speaker an illocutionary act of warning This speech act is a directive (Trong phát ngơn này, người nói thực hành động cảnh báo Đây phép cầu khiến) A : You know what I found on the first day of my new school year? There’s a big hole in front of our classroom! (Bạn biết tìm thấy vào ngày lớp học tơi khơng? Có lỗ lớn phía trước lớp học chúng tôi!) B : Really? In this utterance, the speaker performs illustration act of stating/ reporting a fact This speech act is a representative (Trong phát ngôn này, người nói thực hành động minh họa/ báo cáo thực tế Đây hành động diễn đạt) A : Oh my God! There’s a big hole in front of our classroom! (Lạy chúa! Có lỗ lớn phía trước lớp học chúng tơi!) B : It’s not unusual around here (Đó khơng phải bất thường quanh đây.) In this utterance, the speaker performs an illocutionary act of exclaiming This speech act is an expressive (Trong phát ngơn này, người nói thực hành động tố cáo Đây hành động diễn đạt) ... examinations in Semantics so far (Kỳ thi môn Semantics thời gian thật dễ dàng : có số kỳ thi Semantics nay) - I am not able to go to Hanoi this weekend / the speaker is supposed to go to Hanoi this weekend... định phán đốn ) Thi Hết Môn Semantics 1.Lý thuyết Semantics : Semantics and pragmatics are branches of linguistics which deals with meaning (Semantics and pragmatics ngành ngôn ngữ học nghiên... nghiên cứu quan hệ nghĩa từ) * Semantics is a study of context free meaning Pragmatics is context – dependent meaning (Semantics môn học nghĩa tự ngữ cảnh Pragmatics môn học nghĩa phụ thuộc ngữ cảnh)