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Manual of first & second fixing carpentry
Manual of First & Second Fixing Carpentry To Mary, Penny, Jon and Jenny, and other Gorings of whom there are many AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD PARIS • SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Manual of First & Second Fixing Carpentry Third Edition Les Goring FIOC, MIWSc, LCG, FTC Associate of the Chartered Institute of Building Former Senior Lecturer in Wood Trades at Hastings College of Arts and Technology Drawings by the author Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier Butterworth -Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK 30 Corporate Road, Burlington, MA 01803 First edition 1998 Reprinted 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004 (twice) 2005 Second edition 2007 Third edition 2010 Copyright © 2010, Les Goring. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved The right of Les Goring to be identifi ed as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions . This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this fi eld are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN : 978-1-85617-768-9 For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications visit our website at www.elsevierdirect.com Typeset by MPS Limited, a Macmillan Company, Chennai, India www.macmillansolutions.com Printed and bound in China 10 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Preface xi Acknowledgements xii Abbreviations xiii Technical Data xiv 1 Reading Construction Drawings 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Orthographic Projection 3 1.3 Oblique Projections 5 2 Tools Required: their Care and Proper Use 8 2.1 Introduction 8 2.2 Marking and Measuring 8 2.3 Handsaws 12 2.4 Hammers 15 2.5 Screwdrivers 16 2.6 Marking Gauges 16 2.7 Chisels 17 2.8 Oilstones and Diamond Whetstones 18 2.9 Hand Planes 19 2.10 Ratchet Brace 20 2.11 Bits and Drills 20 2.12 Individual Handtools 23 2.13 Portable Powered and Cordless Circular Saws 24 2.14 Powered and Cordless Drills and Screwdrivers 25 2.15 Powered and Cordless Planers 26 2.16 Powered and Cordless Jigsaws 27 2.17 Powered and Cordless SDS Rotary Hammer Drills 28 2.18 Powered (Portable) Routers 28 2.19 Jigs 29 2.20 Nailing Guns 30 Contents vi Contents 3 Carpentry Fixing-Devices 34 3.1 Introduction 34 3.2 Nails and Pins 34 3.3 Screws and Plugs 36 3.4 Cavity Fixings 40 4 Making a Carpenter’s Tool Box 41 4.1 Introduction 41 4.2 Construction 41 5 Making Builder’s Plant for Site Use 45 5.1 Saw Stool 45 5.2 Nail Boxes 53 5.3 Hop-ups 54 5.4 Board and Stand 55 5.5 Builder’s Square 56 5.6 Straightedges and Concrete-levelling Boards 58 5.7 Plumb Rules 59 6 Fixing Door Frames, Linings and Doorsets 60 6.1 Introduction 60 6.2 Fixing Door Frames 62 6.3 Frame Detail 64 6.4 Fixing Door Linings 65 6.5 Setting Up Internal Frames Prior to Building Block-partitions 68 6.6 Storey Frames 69 6.7 Subframes 69 6.8 Built-up Linings 70 6.9 Moisture Effect from Wet Plastering Methods 70 6.10 Doorsets 71 6.11 Fire-resisting Doorsets 72 7 Fixing Wooden and uPVC Windows 74 7.1 Introduction 74 7.2 Casement Windows 74 7.3 Glazing 75 7.4 Window Boards 76 7.5 Boxframe Windows 78 8 Fixing Floor Joists and Flooring 80 8.1 Introduction 80 8.2 Ground Floors 81 Contents vii 8.3 Laying T & G Timber Boarding 84 8.4 Floating Floor (with Continuous Support) 85 8.5 Floating Floor (with Discontinuous Support) 85 8.6 Fillet or Battened Floors 86 8.7 Beam-and-Block Floor 87 8.8 Engineered-Timber Floors 87 8.9 Upper Floors 88 8.10 Strutting 91 8.11 Fitting and Fixing Timber Joists 94 8.12 Fixing Flooring Panels on Joists 94 8.13 Fitting and Fixing Engineered Joists 95 8.14 Posi-Joist ™ Steel-Web System 98 8.15 Overlay Flooring 101 9 Fixing Interior and Exterior Timber Grounds 104 9.1 Introduction 104 9.2 Skirting Grounds 104 9.3 Architrave Grounds 105 9.4 Apron-lining Grounds 105 9.5 Wall-panelling Grounds 105 9.6 Framed Grounds 106 9.7 External Grounds 106 10 Fixing Stairs and Balustrades 107 10.1 Introduction 107 10.2 Installation Procedure 108 10.3 Fixing Tapered Steps 116 10.4 Fixing Balustrades 118 11 Stair Regulations Guide to Design and Construction 122 11.1 The Building Regulations 2000 122 12 Constructing Traditional and Modern Roofs 131 12.1 Introduction 131 12.2 Basic Roof Designs 132 12.3 Roof Components and Terminology 132 12.4 Basic Setting-out Terms 138 12.5 Geometrical Setting-out of a Hipped Roof 140 12.6 Roofi ng Ready Reckoner 141 12.7 Metric Rafter Square 143 12.8 Alternative Method for the Use of the Metric Rafter Square 144 12.9 Bevel-formulas for Roofi ng Square 146 viii Contents 12.10 Roofmaster Square 147 12.11 Setting Out a Common (Pattern) Rafter 150 12.12 Setting Out a Crown (or Pin) Rafter 151 12.13 Setting Out a Hip Rafter 152 12.14 Setting Out Jack Rafters 155 12.15 Pitching Details and Sequence 156 12.16 Pitching a Hipped Roof (Double-ended) 159 12.17 Flat Roofs 160 12.18 Dormer Windows and Skylights 164 12.19 Skylights (Roof Windows) 168 12.20 Eyebrow Windows 168 12.21 Lean-to Roofs 174 12.22 Chimney-trimming and Back Gutters 174 12.23 Trussed Rafters 175 12.24 Erection Details and Sequence for Gable Roofs 177 12.25 Hipped Roofs Under 6m Span 177 12.26 Hipped Roofs Over 6m Span 178 12.27 Alternative Hipped Roof up to 11m Span 178 12.28 Valley Junctions 179 12.29 Gable Ladders 179 12.30 Roof Hatch (Trap) 180 12.31 Chimney Trimming 180 12.32 Water-Tank Supports 181 12.33 Work at Height Regulations 2005 182 13 Erecting Timber Stud Partitions 183 13.1 Introduction 183 13.2 Traditional Braced Partition 183 13.3 Traditional Trussed Partition 183 13.4 Modern Stud Partition 184 13.5 Door-stud and Door-head Joints 186 13.6 Stud Joints to Sill and Head Plate 187 13.7 Door-stud and Sill-plate Joints 188 13.8 Corner and Doorway Junctions 189 13.9 Floor and Ceiling Junctions 190 14 Geometry for Arch Shapes 193 14.1 Introduction 193 14.2 Basic Defi nitions 193 14.3 Basic Techniques 194 14.4 True Semi-elliptical Arches 196 14.5 Approximate Semi-elliptical Arches 198 Contents ix 14.6 Gothic Arches 199 14.7 Tudor Arches 199 14.8 Parabolic Arches 201 14.9 Hyperbolic Arch 201 15 Making and Fixing Arch Centres 203 15.1 Introduction 203 15.2 Solid Turning Piece (Single-rib) 203 15.3 Single-rib Centres 204 15.4 Twin-rib Centres 205 15.5 Four-rib Centres 206 15.6 Multi-rib Centres 208 16 Fixing Architraves, Skirting, Dado and Picture Rails 210 16.1 Architraves 210 16.2 Skirting 214 16.3 Dado Rails and Picture Rails 217 17 Fitting and Hanging Doors 218 17.1 Introduction 218 17.2 Fitting Procedure 218 17.3 Hanging Procedure 223 18 Fitting Locks, Latches and Door Furniture 224 18.1 Locks and Latches 224 18.2 Mortice Locks 224 18.3 Mortice Latches 225 18.4 Mortice Dead Locks 226 18.5 Cylinder Night Latches 226 18.6 Fitting a Letter Plate 226 18.7 Fitting a Mortice Lock 227 18.8 Fitting Door Furniture 228 19 Fixing Pipe Casings and Framed Ducts 229 19.1 Introduction 229 19.2 Pipe Casings 229 19.3 Framed Ducts 229 20 Designing and Installing a Fitted Kitchen 230 20.1 Introduction 230 20.2 Ergonomic Design Considerations 230 20.3 Planning the Layout 231