UNIT FIVE THE N ATURE OF THIN GS 1. READING VOCABULARY: 1. penguin / / peNgwin / (n): a black and white bird that lives by the ocean around Antarctica and cannot fly: chim cánh ct 2. sweater / / swetC / (n): a warm piece of clothing that covers your upper body and arms: áo len c chui 3. lover / / lVvC / (n): someone who likes or enjoys something very much: ngi thích thú hoc a chung cái gì 4. save / seIv/ (v): [transitive] to make it possible for someone or something to avoid danger, harm, injury, etc.: cu vt, cu vãn Campaigns to save the planet/whale: Các chin dch cu vãn hành tinh / cá heo 5. soak / sCUk/ (v): [intransitive or transitive] to make something very wet, or to become very wet: thm nc The rain soaked our clothes: Nc ma làm t áo chúng tôi. 6. knit /knIt/ (v): [intransitive or transitive] to make something such as a piece of clothing using wool and sticks called knitting needles: đan, dt 7. in response to: a reaction: đáp li 8. insulation / Insju / leISn/ (n): material used for preventing heat, cold, noise, or electricity from passing through something: vt cách ly 9. endanger / In / deINdZC / (v): to put someone or something into a situation where they might be harmed: gây nguy him cho ai / cái gì Smoking endangered your health: Hút thuc có hi cho sc khe. 10. wash into: to flow or carry sb/sth in a particular direction: trôi vào, dt vào 11. habitat / / hAbItAt / (n): the type of place that an animal normally lives in or a plant normally grows in: ni c trú natural habitat: ni c trú t nhiên 12. conservation / kOnsC / veISn / (n): the management of land and water in ways that prevent it from being damaged or destroyed: s bo tn a wildlife conservation project: d án bo tn đi sng hoang dã 13. hypothermia / haIpC / TC:mIC / (v): a serious medical condition in which your body temperature is very low: s gim th nhit 14. poisoning / / pcIZCnIN / (n): an occasion when someone is affected by poison: s nhim đc mushroom/mercury/chemical/alcohol poisoning: s nhim đc nm rôm / thy ngân/ hóa cht / ru 15. woolens / / wUlCnz / (v): clothing made from wool, especially by KNITTING: qun áo len 16. ideal / aI / di:Cl / (a): of the best or most appropriate type: lý tng The fair provides an ideal opportunity for jobseekers and employers to meet: Hi ch to c hi tuyt vI cho nhng ngi tìm vic và nhng nhà tuyn dng gp g nhau. 17. pick up: (phrasal verb) to get or obtain something: có đc, đt đc 18. broadcast / / brc:dkAst / (v): [intransitive or transitive] to send out messages or programs to be received by radios or televisions: phát sóng, phát hình 19. demand / dI / mAnd / (n): [uncount] the amount of a product or service that people want, or the fact that they want it: nhu cu 18,400 new houses will be needed by 2011 to cope with the demand: n nm 2011 cm 18.400 cn nhà mi đ đáp ng đc nhu cu. demand for: Demand for organic food is increasing.: Nhu cu thc phm hu c đang gia tng 20. in case: if: nu, trong trng hp In case you can’t come, give me a call before I leave for work: Nu bn không đn đc, hãy gi đin cho tôi trc khi tôi tan s. 21. waterproof / / wc:tCpru:f / (a): waterproof clothes keep you dry because they do not let rain pass through them: không thm nc a waterproof jacket: áo ves-tông không thm nc IN THE KNOW: The penguins of Philip Island are very small, as can be seen in the photograph. They are also a tourist attraction. They walk along the same pathways from the sea to their nests every morning, and tourists go to watch them. 2. FOCUS ON GRAMMAR VOCABULARY: 1. Mongolia: nc Mông C 2. be descended from: to be related to sb who live a long time ago: có ngun gc, có t tiên vi ai 3. truly / / tru:lI / (adv): in the most complete, correct, or exact way: tht s, đích thc She was someone who truly understood children: Cô ta là mt ngi thc s hiu tr em. 4. wild /waIld/ (a): a wild animal or plant lives or grows on its own in natural conditions and is not raised by humans: hoang dã The wild rose is a familiar sight in woods and fields: Hoa hng di là hình nh quen thuc trong nhng nhng cánh rng và đng c. 5. domesticate / dC / mestIkeIt / (v): to train an animal to live with or work for humans: thun hóa, thun chng 6. set aside (phrasal verb): to keep or save something from a larger amount or supply in order to use it later for a particular purpose: đ riêng ra, đ dành 7. steppe / step/ (n) a large area of land with grass but few trees, especially in SE Europe and Siberia: tho nguyên 3. VOCABULARY: PREFIXES VOCABULARY: 1. reintroduce / ri:IntrC / dju:s / (v): to bring back something such as a law, system, or benefit that had been stopped: REINSTATE: gii thiu 2. coexist / kCUig / zIst / (v): to live or exist at the same time or in the same place: cùng sinh sng, cùng tn ti 3. deforestation / di:fcrI / steISn / (n): the process of removing the trees from an area of land: nn phá rng 4. overfishing (n): fishing too much: nn đánh bt cá quá nhiu 5. misleading / mIs / li:dIN / (a: intended or likely to make someone believe something that is incorrect or not true: đem li nhng ý ngh, v.v, sai; la di 6. relocate / ri:lCU / keIt / (v): to move to a different place, or to make someone do this: tái đnh c, di đa đim, đt li tr s I left my job because the company relocated: Tôi đã ngh vic vì công ty đã di đa đim. Affixes and roots (Tham Kho thêm sách GRAMMAR TIME) Adding affixes to existing words (the base or root) to form new words is common in academic English. Prefixes are added to the front of the base ( like dislike), whereas suffixes are added to the end of the base ( active activate). Prefixes usually do not change the class of the base word, but suffixes usually do change the class of the word. The most common prefixes used to form new verbs in academic English are: re-, dis-, over-, un-, mis-, out- . The most common suffixes are: -ise, -en, -ate, -(i)fy. By far the most common affix in academic English is -ise. Verbs e.g. prefix + verb verb Prefix Meaning Examples re- again or back restructure, revisit, reappear, rebuild, refinance dis- reverses the meaning of the verb disappear, disallow, disarm, disconnect, discontinue over- too much overbook, oversleep, overwork un- reverses the meaning of the verb unbend, uncouple, unfasten mis- badly or wrongly mislead, misinform, misidentify out- more or better than others outperform, outbid be- make or cause befriend, belittle co- together co-exist, co-operate, co-own de- do the opposite of devalue, deselect fore- earlier, before foreclose, foresee Inter- between interact, intermix, interface pre- before pre-expose, prejudge, pretest sub- under/below subcontract, subdivide Trans- across, over transform, transcribe, transplant under- not enough underfund, undersell, undervalue, underdevelop 4. LISTENING VOCABULARY: 1. national park: (n) a large area of land that is protected by the government to preserve its natural beauty: vn quc gia 2. trash /trAS/ (n): AMERICAN waste material such as paper, plastic bags, used containers, etc. British rubbish: rác ri, cn bã 3. bear /beC/ (n): a large wild animal with thick fur. There are several different types of bears, for example the polar bear and the grizzly bear. A young bear is called a bear cub: gu 4. make a reservation: to book in advance: đt trc 5. lock / lOk/ (v): [transitive] to fasten something such as a door or a container, usually with a key, so that other people cannot open it: khóa John went out and locked the door behind him: John đi ra ngòai và khóa ca li. 6. controversy / / kOntrCvE:sI / (n): a disagreement, especially about a public policy or a moral issue that a lot of people have strong feelings about: vn đ gây tranh cãi 7. polarize / / pCUlCraIz / (v): to form two very different groups, opinions, or situations that are completely opposite to each other, or to cause this to happen: hình thành hai nhóm xung đt hoàn tòan đi lp nhau, phân cc 8. inhabitant / In / hAbItCnt / (n): a person or animal that lives in a particular place: c dân The city’s first inhabitants arrived in the 16th century: Nhng c dân đu tiên ca thành ph đã đn đây vào th k th 16. 9. entrance / / entrCns / (n): [count] the place where you can enter a room, building, or area: li vào I’ll meet you at the main entrance at six o’clock: Tôi s gp anh  cng chính lúc 6 gi. 10. spectacular / spek / tAkjClC / (a): extremely impressive: hung v, rt n tng We had a spectacular view of the coastline from the airplane: T trên máy bay chúng tôi nhìn xung phong cnh b bin rt lng ly. 11. accessible / Ck / sesCbl/ (a): an accessible place is easy to find or get to: có th đi đn đc accessible by: The city is easily accessible by road, train, or air: Có th đi vào thành ph d dàng xe, tàu đin hoc máy bay. 12. opposition / OpC / XXXzISn / (n):[uncount] strong disagreement with a plan or policy, especially when this is shown in active attempts to prevent something: s chng đi opposition to: Public opposition to the military government is growing: S chng đi ca dân chúng vi chính quyn đang tng lên. 13. mayor / / meIC / (n): the most important elected official in a town or city: th trng 14. park ranger / po:k / reIndZC / (n): someone whose job is to take care of a forest, national park, or state park: ngi bo v rng 15. shuttle bus: a bus, train, or airplane that makes frequent short trips between two places: xe búyt, tàu đin, hoc máy bay đi li đu đn gia hai ni. 16. bike / baIk/ (v): to ride somewhere on a bicycle: đi xe đp hoc xe máy 17. complain / kCmp / leIn / (v): to say that you are not satisfied with something: phàn nàn, than phin 18. pollute / pC / lUt / (v): to make air, water, or land too dirty and dangerous for people to use in a safe way: gây ô nhim The oil spill has polluted the harbor: Vic tràn du đã làm ô nhim bn cng. 19. electric / I / lektrIk/ (a): working by electricity: s dng nng lng đin, an electric motor: mt môt đin 20. preserve / prI / zE:v / (v): to take care of a place or building in order to prevent it from being harmed or destroyed: bo qun, bo tn 21. campground / / kAmprraUnd / (n): a place where people on vacation can stay in tents or other temporary shelters; campsite: khu cm tri , ni cm tri 22. camper / / kAmpC / (n): someone who is staying in a tent or temporary shelter, usually for fun: ngi cm tri 23. environment / In / vaIrCnmCnt / (n): [count] the place in which people live and work, including all the physical conditions that affect them: môi trng 24. minimize / / mInImaIz / (v): to reduce something harmful or unpleasant to the smallest amount or degree: gim ti đa, You can try to minimize the damage to innocent civilians: Các anh có th c gng gim ti đa thit hi cho ngi dân vô ti. 25. taste / teIst/ (n): [count or uncount] the flavor that something creates in your mouth when you eat or drink it. Food can taste sweet like sugar, salty like salt, sour like a lemon, or bitter like strong black coffee: hng v I love the taste of chocolate: Tôi yêu thích hng v sôcôla. 26. shoot /Su:t/ (v): to fire a gun: bn, n súng We were ordered not to shoot until he gave the signal: Chng nào anh y ra hiu chúng tôi mi đc n súng. 5. LANGUAGE IN ACTION: ADVICE AND WARNINGS VOCABULARY: 1. canoe / kC / nu: / (v): to travel in a canoe: đi bng xung 2. life jackets / laIf / dZAkIt / (n): something you wear on a boat to make you float if you fall into the water by accident: áo cu đm 3. go on a camping trip: đi cm tri 4. plastic / / plAstIk / (n): [count or uncount] a very common light, strong substance produced by a chemical process and used for making many different things: nha, cht do 5. sunscreen / / sVnskri:n / (n): [count or uncount] a cream that you can rub onto your skin to stop it from being burned by the sun: kem chng nng 6. go down: đi xung 7. watch out for (phrasal verb) to be careful: cn thn Watch out, those mushrooms could be poisonous! Hãy cn thn, nm này có th có đc đy! 8. bend / bend/ (n): a curve in a road, river, etc.: khúc ngoc, khúc cua As she approached the bend, a dog sprang into the road: Khi chúng tôi đi đn khúc cua, mt con chó chy bang ra đng. 6. VOCABULARY: NATURAL PHENOMENON VOCABULARY: 1. phenomenon / fC / nOmInCn / (n): an event or situation that can be seen to happen or exist: hin tng Violence in society is not a new phenomenon: Nn bo lc trong xã hi không còn là mt hin tng mi. 2. volcano / vOl / keInCu / (n): a mountain that forces hot gas, rocks, ASH, and LAVA (=melted rock) into the air through a hole at the top. Some volcanoes are not immediately dangerous because they are not active and have become dormant. Others will never be dangerous again because they are completely extinct: núi la 3. earthquake / / E:TkweIk / (n): a sudden shaking movement of the ground: đng đt 4. drought / draUt/ (n): a long period of time when there is little or no rain and crops die: hn hán 5. tornado / tc: / neIdCU/ (n): a very strong wind that goes quickly around in a circle or FUNNEL: lc xóay 6. heat wave / hi:t weIv/ (n): a continuous period of hot weather: đt nng nóng 7. thunderstorm / / TVndC stc:m / (n): a heavy storm with THUNDER: bão có sm sét và thng có ma to 8. hurricane / / hVrIkCn / (n): a violent storm with extremely strong winds and heavy rain: bão táp 9. blizzard / / blizCd / (n): a storm with a lot of snow and strong winds: bão tuyt Roads were closed due to a severe blizzard: ng xá b phong ta vì mt trn bão tuyt d di 10. flood / / flVd / (n): [count or uncount] a large amount of water that covers an area that was dry before: l lt Florida has been badly hit by floods: Florida b tàn phá nng n bi nhng trn lt. 11. typical / / tIpIkl / (a): like most things of the same type: đin hình 12. move down: di chuyn xung 13. plain / / pleIn / (n): plain or plains a large flat area of land: tho nguyên, đng c the vast plains in the central states of the U.S: Tho nguyên mênh mông  các bang min trung ca Hoa K. 14. standstill / / stAnstIl / (n): a situation in which something stops moving or happening: s đng li, s dng li 15. acre / / eIkC / (n): a unit for measuring the surface area of land, equal to 4,840 square yards or 4,047 square meters: mu acre of: The hotel sits in 400 acres of woodland: Khách sn ta lc trên din tích 400 mu đt rng. 16. wildfire / / waIldfaIC / (n): a fire that starts in an area of countryside and spreads very quickly: đi sng hoang dã 17. twister / / twIstC / (n): a TORNADO: lc xoáy 18. pound / paUnd/ (v): [intransitive or transitive] to hit something several times with a lot of force: nghin nát, nn 19. torrential /tC / renSl/ (n): torrential rain falls hard and fast: nh trút nc, xi x 20. evacuate / I / vAkjueIt / (v): [intransitive or transitive] to leave a building or other place because it is not safe: s tán If the alarm sounds, all students should evacuate immediately: Nu chuông báo đng vang lên, tt c sinh viên nên s tán ngay lp tc. 7. READING VOCABULARY: 1. make up: (phrasal verb) to thành 2. inhabit / In / hAbIt / (v): to live in a particular place: c ng The islands are inhabited by 177, 000 people: 177,000 ngi đnh c trên các hòn đo này. 3. superb / su: / pE:b / (a): of the highest quality: EXCELLENT: xut sc 4. harbor / / ho:bC / (n): an area of water near the land where it is safe for boats to stay. A port is a harbor where passengers and goods can be taken on and off: cng 5. fierce / / fICs / (a): involving very strong feelings such as determination, anger, or hate: mãnh lit, d di 6. open up: (phrasal verb) crack: nt 7. fissure / / fISC / (n): a long deep crack in something, especially the ground: vt nt 8. applaud / C / plc:d/ (v): [transitive] to praise a decision, action, idea, etc.: tán thành They have been applauded for their humanitarian work in Ethiopia: H đc ng h vI công vic ca h  Ethiopia. 9. geologist / dZI / OlCdZIst / (n): a scientist who studies geology: nhà đa cht 10. lava / / lo:vC / (n): rock in the form of hot liquid: dung nham 11. track / trAk/ (n): li, đng mòn 12. proportion /prC / pc:Sn/ (n): [count] a quantity of something that is a part or share of the whole: phn, t l proportion of: Only a small proportion of graduates fail to find employment: Ch có phn nh nhng sinh viên tt nghip đi hc không tìm đc vic làm. 13. spray / spreI/ (v): [intransitive or transitive] if you spray a liquid, or it sprays, it is forced out of a container through an opening into the air: phun, xt 14. pump /pVmp/ (n) máy bm 15. shower down: ri xi x 16. miraculous /mI / rAkjClCs / (a): extremely lucky and unexpected: k diu, ta nh mt phép màu 17. erupt / I / rVpt / (v): if a VOLCANO erupts, it explodes inside and flames, rocks, and LAVA come out of the top: n ra đt ngt và d di,phun trào (núi la) 18. debris /dC / bri:/ (n): the broken pieces that are left when something large has been destroyed, especially by an explosion, fire, or accident: mnh v, đng đ nát 19. unwilling / Vn / wIlIN / (a): if you are unwilling to do something, you do not want to do it or you refuse to do it: bt đc d, không vui lòng 20. lengthen / / leNTCn / (v): to become longer, or to make something longer: kéo dài ra, tr nên dài hn 21. runway / / rVnweI / (n): a long road used by planes when they land and TAKE OFF, usually at an airport: đng bng MINI TEST Rewrite the following sentences using simple past and past perfect: 1. First, we ate at the cafeteria. Then, we went to class. After we _________ at the cafeteria, we _________ to class. 2. First, Juan made himself a sandwich. Then, he poured some tea. After Juan _________ himself a sandwich, he _________ some tea. 3. First, Gunawan plugged in the headphones. Then, he played a CD. Before he _________ a CD, Gunawan _________ in the headphones. 4. First, Soriah fed the cat. Then, she called her mother. Soriah _________ her mother after she _________ the cat. 5. First, Marie did her homework. Then, she watched TV. Marie _________ her homework before she _________ TV. Choose the letter (A, B, C or D) that best completes each sentence. 1. The girl _________ mother I am talking to has left the room. A. who B. whom C. whose D. that 2. That’s the wig _________she was wearing. A. who B. which C. that D. B and C are correct. 3. The people and the elephants _________ were in the street belonged to a circus. A. that B. which C. who D. whom 4. The book _________ you borrowed from me is 300 pages thick. A. who B. whom C. whose D. no word is needed 5. The manager _________ signed the contract has been transferred to another company. A. whom B. who C. whose D. no word is needed 6. The man _________ house is near here has just had an accident. A. who B. where C. whose D. which 7. Teachers _________ do not spend enough time on class preparations often have difficulty explaining new lessons. A. whom B. who C. which D. when 8. The company _________ employees are on strike is closing down for 2 weeks. A. who B. whom C. whose D. all are correct 9. Dr. John is the only doctor _________ I have seen about this problem. A. who B. whose C. which D. none is correct 10. An architect is someone _________ designs buildings. A. which B. whose C. who D. whom . added to the end of the base ( active activate). Prefixes usually do not change the class of the base word, but suffixes usually do change the class of the. nc IN THE KNOW: The penguins of Philip Island are very small, as can be seen in the photograph. They are also a tourist attraction. They walk along the same