TEAMFLY Team-Fly ® W-CDMA and cdma2000 for 3G Mobile Networks M.R. Karim and M. Sarraf McGraw-Hill New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2002 by M.R. Karim and Lucent Technologies, Inc.0-07 All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-140956-4 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title:0-07-138513-4. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trade- marked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringe- ment of the trademark. 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Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the con- tent of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause what- soever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. DOI: 10.1036/0071409564 abc McGraw-Hill iii To our families Rahima, Razi, and Nayeem —MRK Maryam, Artin, and Shawhin —MS ABOUT THE AUTHORS M. R. Karim, formerly a Distinguished Member of Technical Staff of Bell Laboratories, was a member of the original team that developed the world’s first cellular system. He has published in the areas of mobile communica- tions and packet switching, and is author of the book ATM Technology and Services Delivery (Prentice Hall, 1999). Mohsen Sarraf received his Ph.D. degree in 1986 from the University of Southern California. He joined Bell Laboratories in 1987 where he has been involved in various aspects of communications systems. He has worked on wireless systems from design and implementation to project leadership during the last ten years. Currently he is the Director of Advanced Multimedia Communications Department of Bell Labs. Copyright 2002 M.R. Karim and Lucent Technologies. Click Here for Terms of Use. CONTENTS Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii Foreword xv Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Early Systems 2 The Cellular System 4 TDMA System 9 IS-54 and IS-136 9 GSM 11 cdmaOne (Based on IS-95-A and IS-95-B) 13 Personal Communications System 15 Third-Generation (3G) Wireless Technology 16 3G Requirements 18 Evolution to 3G Systems 21 Summary 23 References 25 Chapter 2 Propagation Characteristics of a Mobile Radio Channel 27 Large-Scale Variations 29 Signal Variations in Free Space 29 Variations in Urban Areas Due to Terrain and Clutter 31 Signal Variations in Suburban and Rural Areas 35 Variation of the Local Mean Signal Level 36 Propagation Model 39 Short-term Variations of the Signal 41 Effect of Short-term Variations 45 Coherence Bandwidth and Power Delay Profiles 46 Simulation Model of a Mobile Radio Channel 49 Summary 52 References 52 Chapter 3 Principles of Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) 55 Multiple Access Schemes 56 FDMA 57 TDMA 58 Spread Spectrum Multiple Access 59 Copyright 2002 M.R. Karim and Lucent Technologies. Click Here for Terms of Use. For more information about this book, click here. CDMA Technology 60 Direct-Spread CDMA Principles 60 Capacity of a CDMA System 63 3G Radio Transmitter Functions 67 Speech Encoding 69 Channel Coding 71 Convolutional Encoder 71 Decoding Convolutional Codes 76 Punctured Codes 76 Channel Encoders for UMTS 76 Interleavers 78 Modulation 79 Demodulation of a Phase Modulated Signal 80 Spreading 82 Walsh Codes 82 Scrambling Codes 83 Receiver 90 Receiver Structure 90 Hard and Soft Decision 91 Viterbi Decoding 93 Multipath Diversity in CDMA 94 Rake Receiver 95 Multiuser Detection 98 Smart Antennas 101 Summary 106 Appendix A—Viterbi Decoding of Convolutional Codes 107 Appendix B—Modulation 110 QPSK 110 Offset QPSK (OQPSK) 111 Differential QPSK (DQPSK) 111 Appendix C—Multiuser Detection Using Viterbi Algorithm 113 References 116 Chapter 4 cdmaOne and cdma2000 121 cdmaOne 122 Spectrum Allocation 122 Physical Channels 123 Reverse Channel Transmit Functions 124 Forward Channel Functions 127 Contents vi Power Control 130 Handoff in IS-95 133 cdma2000 137 System Features 137 The Protocol Stack 140 Physical Channels 143 Forward Channel Transmit Functions 146 Reverse Channel Transmit Functions 147 Summary 149 References 151 Chapter 5 The GSM System and General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) 153 GSM System Features 155 System Architecture 157 Speech Encoder 162 Channel Encoder 163 Interleaving 165 Modulation Technique—GMSK 166 Logical Channels 169 GSM Frame and Slot Structure 171 Data Services in GSM 173 General Capabilities and Features of GPRS 174 GPRS Network Architecture 175 GPRS Protocol Stacks 177 Packet Structures 180 Logical Channels 181 Packet Transmission Protocol 182 Summary 186 References 187 Chapter 6 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) 189 System Features 190 Wireless Network Architecture 193 Radio Interface Protocol Stack—An Overview 195 Physical Layer 198 Overview of Physical Layer Functions 199 Transport Channels 203 Physical Channels 206 Packet Mode Data 214 Mapping of Transport Channels to Physical Channels 215 Contents vii Physical Layer Procedures 215 Spreading and Modulation 223 Physical Layer Measurements 230 MAC Layer Protocol 232 Overview 232 MAC Procedures 234 MAC Layer Data Formats 236 Radio Link Control Protocol 237 RLC Functions 237 RLC Protocol Description 240 Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) 245 Overview 245 Header Compression 246 Broadcast/Multicast (BMC) Protocol 246 Radio Resource Control Protocol 247 RRC Functions 247 Management of RRC Connections 249 Handover 250 Summary 254 References 256 General Systems Descriptions 256 Overview of the UE-UTRAN Protocols 256 Physical Layer 257 Layer 2 and Layer 3 Protocols 257 Protocols at Different Interface Points 257 Miscellaneous Specifications of Interest 258 Other References 259 Web Sites 259 Chapter 7 Evolution of Mobile Communication Networks 261 Review of 3G Requirements [1]-[4] 262 Network Evolution 264 First-Generation Network 264 Second-Generation Networks 266 2Gϩ Networks 268 3G Network 270 All-IP Network 271 Summary 273 References 274 Contents viii Chapter 8 Call Controls and Mobility Management 277 Protocol Stacks in Access and Core Networks 279 GSM 279 UMTS 282 Call Controls 291 Summary 295 References 296 Chapter 9 Quality of Service (QoS) in 3G Systems 297 Introduction 298 Overview of the Concepts 300 Classification of Traffic 301 UMTS Service Attributes 304 Requesting QoS—RSVP Protocol 309 Admission Control 315 Admission Control Strategies 315 Resource Allocation 317 Policing 318 Providing Requested QoS 320 Differentiated Services (DiffServ) 323 RSVP for Mobile Systems 325 Summary 329 References 329 Chapter 10 Network Planning and Design 331 Network Design 334 Spectrum Requirements 334 Link Budget Calculation 337 Frequency Planning 343 Analog and TDMA Systems 343 CDMA System 347 Cellular System Growth 347 Cell Splitting 348 Overlay Design 348 Summary 351 Appendix A—Traffic Capacity of a Network 351 References 352 Contents ix [...]... 3G systems, and published a set of standards in 1999 In most cases, our only sources of information were these standards, which were necessarily quite elaborate and were not available as a single document The purpose of this book is to fill that void and provide a comprehensive description of 3G systems The standards specify air interfaces based upon both wideband CDMA (W-CDMA) and wideband TDMA However,... Rate 10 kb/s (only for control) Modulation FM for speech, FSK for data Frequency Deviation 12 kHz for speech and 8 kHz for data User Data Transfer Capability None TDMA System IS-54 and IS-136 In Cellular System TIA-553, where each user is allocated one physical channel with a bandwidth of 30 kHz, about 21 channels are reserved for access and paging, and the remaining 811 are reserved for voice channels... Wireless Telephony standards, commonly referred to as 3G Copyright 2002 M.R Karim and Lucent Technologies Click Here for Terms of Use xvi Foreword Those who produce and implement 3G solutions will provide the public with great social and economic benefits Learning about the basics of the technologies and methods upon which 3G solutions are based is the first step in this important task, and this book is... (W-CDMA) and wideband TDMA However, since W-CDMA is the preferred interface, we have chosen to deal with W-CDMA and more specifically cdma2000 and UMTS FDD Technologies used in 3G and necessary background material required to understand and, in some instances, develop a 3G system are presented The treatment of topics is neither too detailed nor too brief, and our expectation is that a wide spectrum... there were only 4 systems for 3G mobile communications cdma2000, UWC-136, W-CDMA UMTS FDD, and WCDMA UMTS TDD Recommendations on these systems were published by ITU-R as a harmonized standard with four modes in 1999 cdma2000 is required to comply with EIA/TIA IS-41 and WCDMA UMTS with GSM MAP intersystem networking standards ITU-R also stipulated that IMT-2000 might provide for other modes as necessary... efficient channel coding, and much larger bandwidth per channel, thus leading to the possibility, for the first time, of truly multimedia services in wireless networks With more efficient and dynamic power controls and novel transmission algorithms, transmitter power requirements for the base station or even the mobile station can be minimized Thus, the handsets could be smaller and more compact in design,... extra edge For this reason, people are constantly in search of means to generate, archive, access, and transfer information as quickly as possible This quest for obtaining and transferring information has made people innovate in many dimensions It has made them create new words, new means of recording information, new means of interpreting information, and, above all, new means of transmitting information... standardized as TIA553, was based on essentially the same technical specifications and design principles as the development system of the trial phase and used the 40 MHz spectrum allocation Later in 1989, the FCC allocated another 10 MHz band Thus, a total bandwidth of 50 MHz was now available for cellular systems The spectrum allocation is shown in Figure 1-4 The B bands consisting of subbands B and. .. characteristics of a mobile radio channel is essential to the understanding and design of a cellular system As such, an overview of this topic is presented in Chapter 2 Chapter 3 describes the basic principles of wideband CDMA and deals with various topics that, in essence, provide the physical layer functionalities of a 3G system cdmaOne and cdma2000 are the subject matter of Chapter 4 Because cdma2000 is... (both basic and enhanced, such as mobile access to the Internet), which would be outside the realm of the older analog systems GSM In Europe, cellular mobile telephony was first introduced in Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Denmark in 1981 These were all analog systems operating at 450 and 900 MHz bands Over the next few years, many large service providers, such as Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) and Total . TEAMFLY Team-Fly ® W-CDMA and cdma2000 for 3G Mobile Networks M.R. Karim and M. Sarraf McGraw-Hill New York Chicago San Francisco. deal with W-CDMA and more specifically cdma2000 and UMTS FDD. Technologies used in 3G and necessary background material required to understand and, in some