Mobile Satellite Communication Networks Mobile Satellite Communication Networks. Ray E. Sheriff and Y. Fun Hu Copyright q 2001 John Wiley & Sons Ltd ISBNs: 0-471-72047-X (Hardback); 0-470-845562 (Electronic) Mobile Satellite Communication Networks Ray E. Sheriff and Y. Fun Hu Both of University of Bradford, UK JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD Copyright q 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Baffins Lane, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 1UD, England National 01243 779777 International (+44) 1243 779777 e-mail (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk Visit our Home Page on http://www.wiley.co.uk or http://www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved. 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Contents Preface ix Acknowledgements xi Figures xiii Tables xvii 1 Mobile Communication System Evolution 1 1.1 Historical Perspective 1 1.2 Cellular Systems 2 1.2.1 Basic Concepts 2 1.2.2 First-Generation (1G) Systems 6 1.2.3 Second-Generation (2G) Systems 9 1.2.4 Evolved Second-Generation (2G) Systems 21 1.3 Cordless Telephones 26 1.3.1 Background 26 1.3.2 Cordless Telephone-2 (CT-2) 27 1.3.3 Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) 28 1.3.4 Personal Handyphone System (PHS) 30 1.4 Third-Generation (3G) Systems 30 1.4.1 International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) 30 1.4.2 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) 35 1.5 Fourth-Generation (4G) Systems 40 References 41 2 Mobile Satellite Systems 43 2.1 Introduction 43 2.1.1 Current Status 43 2.1.2 Network Architecture 44 2.1.3 Operational Frequency 49 2.1.4 Logical Channels 49 2.1.5 Orbital Types 50 2.2 Geostationary Satellite Systems 52 2.2.1 General Characteristics 52 2.2.2 Inmarsat 56 2.2.3 EUTELSAT 61 2.2.4 Asia Cellular Satellite, THURAYA and Other Systems 63 2.3 Little LEO Satellites 65 2.3.1 Regulatory Background 65 2.3.2 ORBCOMMe 66 2.3.3 E-SATe 67 2.3.4 LEO ONEe 68 2.3.5 Other Systems 68 2.4 Satellite-Personal Communication Networks (S-PCN) 69 2.4.1 General Characteristics 69 2.4.2 IRIDIUMe 70 2.4.3 GLOBALSTARe 71 2.4.4 NEW ICOe 74 2.4.5 CONSTELLATION COMMUNICATIONSe 77 2.4.6 ELLIPSOe 77 References 81 3 Constellation Characteristics and Orbital Parameters 83 3.1 Satellite Motion 83 3.1.1 Historical Context 83 3.1.2 Equation of Satellite Orbit – Proof of Kepler’s First Law 84 3.1.3 Satellite Swept Area per Unit Time – Proof of Kepler’s Second Law 86 3.1.4 The Orbital Period – Proof of Kepler’s Third Law 87 3.1.5 Satellite Velocity 88 3.2 Satellite Location 89 3.2.1 Overview 89 3.2.2 Satellite Parameters 90 3.2.3 Satellite Location in the Orbital Plane 91 3.2.4 Satellite Location with Respect to the Rotating Earth 93 3.2.5 Satellite Location with Respect to the Celestial Sphere 94 3.2.6 Satellite Location with Respect to Satellite-Centred Spherical Co-ordinates 95 3.2.7 Satellite Location with Respect to the Look Angles 97 3.2.8 Geostationary Satellite Location 100 3.3 Orbital Perturbation 101 3.3.1 General Discussion 101 3.3.2 Effects of the Moon and the Sun 101 3.3.3 Effects of the Oblate Earth 103 3.3.4 Atmospheric Drag 104 3.4 Satellite Constellation Design 104 3.4.1 Design Considerations 104 3.4.2 Polar Orbit Constellation 106 3.4.3 Inclined Orbit Constellation 111 References 114 4 Channel Characteristics 115 4.1 Introduction 115 4.2 Land Mobile Channel Characteristics 115 4.2.1 Local Environment 115 4.2.2 Narrowband Channel Models 118 4.2.3 Wideband Channel Models 127 4.3 Aeronautical Link 128 4.4 Maritime Link 129 4.5 Fixed Link 129 4.5.1 Tropospheric Effects 129 4.5.2 Ionospheric Effects 142 References 143 5 Radio Link Design 147 5.1 Introduction 147 5.2 Link Budget Analysis 148 vi Contents 5.2.1 Purpose 148 5.2.2 Transmission and Reception 148 5.2.3 Noise 152 5.2.4 Satellite Transponder 158 5.3 Modulation 163 5.3.1 Overview 163 5.3.2 Phase Shift Keying 163 5.3.3 Minimum Shift Keying 168 5.3.4 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 168 5.4 Channel Coding 168 5.4.1 Background 168 5.4.2 Block Codes 169 5.4.3 Convolutional Codes 174 5.4.4 Interleaving 180 5.4.5 Concatenated Codes 181 5.4.6 Turbo Codes 181 5.4.7 Automatic Repeat Request Schemes 182 5.5 Multiple Access 184 5.5.1 Purpose 184 5.5.2 FDMA 186 5.5.3 TDMA 186 5.5.4 CDMA 188 5.5.5 Contention Access Schemes 193 5.5.6 S-UMTS/IMT-200 Candidate Solutions 194 References 195 6 Network Procedures 197 6.1 Introduction 197 6.2 Signalling Protocols 198 6.2.1 Overview of GSM Signalling Protocol Architecture 198 6.2.2 S-PCN Interfaces and Signalling Protocol Architecture 199 6.3 Mobility Management 201 6.3.1 Satellite Cells and Satellite Location Areas 201 6.3.2 Location Management 202 6.3.3 Handover Management 220 6.4 Resource Management 224 6.4.1 Objectives 224 6.4.2 Effects of Satellite System Characteristics 225 6.4.3 Effects of Mobility 226 6.4.4 Resource Allocation Strategies 227 6.4.5 Network Operations and Procedures 231 References 243 7 Integrated Terrestrial-Satellite Mobile Networks 247 7.1 Introduction 247 7.2 Integration with PSTN 248 7.2.1 Introduction 248 7.2.2 Gateway Functions and Operations 248 7.2.3 Protocol Architecture of SSN7 249 7.2.4 Access Functions 253 7.3 Integration with GSM 254 7.3.1 Introduction 254 7.3.2 Integration Requirements 256 7.3.3 Integration Scenarios 258 Contents vii 7.3.4 Impact of Integration Scenarios on the Handover Procedure 261 7.3.5 Impact of Integration Scenarios on the Location Management Procedure 275 7.3.6 Impact of Integration Scenarios on the Call Set-up Procedure 280 7.3.7 The Role of Dual-mode Terminal in Terrestrial/S-PCN Integration 283 7.4 Integration with Third Generation (3G) Networks 287 7.4.1 Concept of Interworking Units 287 7.4.2 The Radio-Dependent and Radio-Independent Concept 288 7.4.3 Satellite Integration with UMTS – a UTRAN Approach 289 7.4.4 Satellite Integration with GSM/EDGE – a GERAN Approach 290 7.4.5 Conclusion 291 References 291 8 Market Analysis 293 8.1 Introduction 293 8.2 Historical Trends in Mobile Communications 295 8.3 Prospective Satellite Markets 297 8.3.1 Objectives 297 8.3.2 The Role of Satellites 297 8.3.3 Satellite Markets 298 8.3.4 Service Categories 299 8.4 Future Market Forecast 301 8.4.1 Terminal Classes 301 8.4.2 Market Segmentation 302 8.4.3 Sizing the Market 305 8.4.4 Data Sources 308 8.5 Results 309 8.5.1 Tariff 309 8.5.2 Portable Market 310 8.5.3 Mobile Market 311 8.5.4 Total Market 315 8.6 Concluding Remarks 316 References 318 9 Future Developments 319 9.1 Introduction 319 9.2 Super GEOs 320 9.3 Non-Geostationary Satellites 323 9.4 Hybrid Constellations 324 9.5 Mobile-Broadband Satellite Services 325 9.6 Mobile IP 328 9.7 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 330 9.7.1 Overview 330 9.7.2 Congestion Window and Slow Start Threshold 331 9.7.3 Loss Recovery Mechanisms 331 9.7.4 Future Work 332 9.8 Fixed-Mobile Convergence 333 9.9 High Altitude Platforms 334 9.10 Location Based Service Delivery 337 9.11 Concluding Remarks 338 References 339 Appendix A: Acronyms 341 Appendix B: Symbols 351 Index 359 Contentsviii Preface The last decade proved to be hugely successful for the mobile communications industry, characterised by continued and rapid growth in demand, spurred on by new technological advances and innovative marketing techniques. Of course, when we refer to mobile commu- nications, we tend to implicitly refer to cellular systems, such as GSM. The plight of the mobile-satellite industry over the last decade, although eventful, has, at times, been more akin to an out of control roller coaster ride. From an innovative start, the industry is now in the process of re-assessing, if not re-inventing itself. While niche satellite markets have contin- ued to grow steadily over the last 10 years, the significant market penetration derived from personal mobile services via satellite that was anticipated at the start of the decade has failed to materialise. With this in mind, it may seem like a strange time to bring out a book on mobile-satellite communication networks. Certainly, if we were to have produced a book merely describing the technology behind mobile-satellite networks, then in many respects, we would have failed to address the real issues that affect mobile-satellite systems, namely the influence of terrestrial mobile commu- nications and an assessment of the market, which ultimately decides whether a system is viable or not. With this in mind, we have put together a book which aims to highlight these key issues, while at the same time covering the fundamentals of the subject. We believe this combination provides a unique approach to the subject that is relevant to those involved in the mobile-satellite industry. With this approach in mind, the first chapter reflects on the status of the mobile commu- nications industry. It is now accepted that mobile-satellite communications will largely play complementary roles to their terrestrial counterparts. Consequently, it is important to have an understanding of the different types of mobile communications systems that are presently available. This chapter covers the development of cellular and cordless communications from their initial beginnings to the present day. This is followed in Chapter 2 by a review of the current state of the mobile-satellite industry. Usually, when we discuss mobile communications, invariably we will associate this with voice communications. However, satellites are also used for other innovative services such as store-and-forward data relaying and vehicular fleet management. This chap- ter considers all aspects of mobile-satellite communications from the established geostation- ary systems to the latest ‘‘ little’’ and ‘‘ big’’ low Earth orbit systems. The introduction of non-geostationary satellite systems often requires the design of complex multi-satellite constellations. Chapter 3 presents the theory behind the design of such networks. This is followed in Chapter 4 by a discussion of the properties of the commu- nication channel, from both a mobile and fixed perspective. The mobile channel in particular offers a hostile environment in which to design a reliable communications link. This chapter reviews the present status of understanding with regard to the characterisation of the channel, indicating the methods of prediction. The characteristics of the radio interface are considered in Chapter 5. Here, the transmis- sion chain is analysed presenting the link budget method of analysis. The chapter includes a description of applicable modulation and coding techniques and multiple access schemes. In Chapter 6, the network procedures associated with a mobile-satellite network are presented. In order to facilitate a smooth integration with terrestrial mobile networks, it is important that as many of the procedures between the two systems are as similar as possible. This chapter focuses on two key areas of mobility management, namely location management and handover management, as well as resource management techniques. In Chapter 7, the requirements for integration with fixed and mobile networks are presented, highlighting the requirements for integration with the GSM network. Chapter 8 presents an analysis of the market potential for mobile-satellite communications. The methodology for deriving the market is presented, followed by a series of market predictions. Finally, in Chapter 9, we attempt to predict how the mobile-satellite market will develop over the coming decade. Certainly, it has been an interesting time to produce a book of this type. The next 10 years promise to be as innovative, if not more so, than the last, with the introduction of mobile multimedia services and a greater influence of the Internet on mobile service evolution. It will be interesting to see how the mobile-satellite communications industry adapts to meet these new markets over the next few years. x Preface [...]... Assumed tariffs at service introduction Allocation of mobile- satellite service frequencies in the Ka-bands 307 310 310 326 Mobile Satellite Communication Networks Ray E Sheriff and Y Fun Hu Copyright q 2001 John Wiley & Sons Ltd ISBNs: 0-471-72047-X (Hardback); 0-470-845562 (Electronic) 1 Mobile Communication System Evolution 1.1 Historical Perspective The mobile phone has proved to be one of the most outstanding... needs; not only cellular mobile, but also cordless, public mobile radio, satellite and wireless-local area network (WLAN) solutions 2G systems are synonymous with the globalisation of mobile systems, and in Mobile Satellite Communication Networks 2 this respect the importance of standardisation is clear For example, GSM, which was standardised in Europe by the European Telecommunications Standards... associated de-interleaving at the receiver are used to disperse the effect of bursty errors introduced by the mobile transmission environment (This technique is also employed in mobile- satellite communications (see Chapter 5).) The coder Figure 1.3 GSM TDMA 26-frame structure Mobile Satellite Communication Networks 12 Figure 1.4 GSM full-rate speech coder takes two 20-ms time frames, equivalent to 912 bits,... international mobile telecommunications 2000 (IMT-2000) and will consist of a family systems providing cellular, cordless, W-LAN and satellite services In Europe, the 3G system will be known as the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Although voice is still likely to be the dominant application in the first few years of 3G networks, there will also be the possibility to operate mobile- multimedia... SOL-98] 4G mobile networks are likely to be introduced sometime after 2005, possibly as late as 2010 Although this book is primarily focused on mobile- satellite networks, initially in order to appreciate the context in which satellite technologies have developed, and the likely applications for such technologies, it is important to have an understanding of where we are at present in terms of mobile technology... Frequency band terminology S-TCCH categories Satellite control channel categories Comparison of satellite orbits: operational considerations Comparison of satellite orbits: implementation considerations Inmarsat satellite configuration Little LEO frequency allocations below 500 MHz Allocation of mobile- satellite service frequencies in the L-/S-bands S-PCN characteristics: satellite and orbit S-PCN characteristics:... demand for mobile communications Mobile market flowchart Portable market flowchart Total portable market for EU-15 states Total EU-15 portable market over a 14-year period Total world market for portable terminals over a 14-year period Global market share of portable terminals Total mobile market for EU-15 states Total world market for mobile terminals over a 14-year period Global market share of mobile. .. evolution of mobile communications can be categorised into generations of development Presently, we are on the verge of the third-generation (3G) of mobile systems Broadly speaking, first-generation (1G) systems are those that paved the way and are generally categorised as being national networks that are based on analogue technology Such networks were introduced into service in the 1980s These networks. .. developments that have driven the mobile communication industry to the brink of the establishment of the mobile information society 1.2 Cellular Systems 1.2.1 Basic Concepts Cellular networks operate by dividing the service coverage area into zones or cells, each of which has its own set of resources or channels, which can be accessed by users of the network Mobile Communication System Evolution 3... advantages and drawbacks of each technique, in the context of satellite communications, can be found in Chapter 5 In a terrestrial mobile environment, reception cannot rely on line-of-sight communications and is largely dependent upon the reception of signal reflections from the surrounding environment (Note: This is the opposite of the mobile- satellite case, which is reliant on line-ofsight operation, . Mobile Satellite Communication Networks Mobile Satellite Communication Networks. Ray E. Sheriff and Y. Fun Hu Copyright. on mobile- satellite communication networks. Certainly, if we were to have produced a book merely describing the technology behind mobile- satellite networks,