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Apposition is a grammatical construction in which two elements, normally noun phrases , are placed side by side, with one element serving to define or modify the other.. The comple[r]

Clauses in English Language

(Wren & Martin)

Ashutosh Agarwal

Agenda

• What are clauses ? • Types of Sentences

• Types of Clauses & their properties

Clause ?

Types of sentences

• Simple

• Compound

• Complex

Simple Sentences

• Simple

– 1 subject, 1 predicate, only Finite Verb

– His courage won him honour.

Compound Sentences

• Made up of 2 (or more) independent clauses

(Main) (all of same rank)

• Joined by co-ordinating conjunction and

– Ram went to Nagpur and Shyam went to Pune

– Night came on and rain fell heavily and we all got very wet.

• Types

Types of Compound Sentences

• Copulative: main clauses are simply coupled

together

– God made the country and man made the town. – Babar was not only a great soldier, he was also a

wise ruler.

– He cannot speak, nor can he write. – He plays the piano, he sings also.

Types of Compound Sentences

• Adversative: two main clauses are opposed in

meaning

– He is slow, but he is sure.

– I did my best, nevertheless I failed. – He is rich, yet he is not happy.

Types of Compound Sentences

• Alternative or Disjunctive: main clauses are

disjoined in meaning

– She must weep, or she must die.

– Either he is mad, or he feigns madness. – Neither a borrower nor a lender be.

Types of Compound Sentences

• Illative: the second clause draws an inference from

the first

– He is diligent, therefore he will succeed. – He is unwell, so he cannot attend office.

– The angels are equal, consequently the sides are

Compound sentences: other stuf

• Contracted subject

• He chid their warnings, but relieved their pain.

• = He chid their warnings, but he relieved their pain.

• Contracted verb

• Some praise the work and some the architect.

• = Some praise the work and some praise the architect

• No connecting word may be used

Complex sentences

• They rested when the night came on.

• When night came on cannot be a sentence by itself

– Hence lower rank

– Called subordinate clause

• Complex sentence contains

– One main clause

– One or more subordinate clauses

• Examples

– Anil called at 5:30 and I told him that you had gone out

Main Clause Main Clause Subordinate Clause

Three kinds of subordinate clauses

Adjective Clauses

• Play the role of an adjective

• The umbrella with a broken handle is mine

• The umbrella which has a broken handle is mine

– [Which umbrella ?]

• Second sentence contains a subject & a

predicate

Phrase !!!!

Special properties of Adjective Clause • Introduced by a relative pronoun or relative

adverb

– Uneasy lies the head that wears the crown – He is the man whom we all respect

– The time when the boat leaves is not yet fixed – The reason why I did it is obvious

• Relative pronoun (or adverb) may be missing

– Eat all ^ you can (that is understood)

Adverb Clause

• Clause the playing the role of a adverb

– E.g., They rested when evening came

• Not a phrase since • Subject=evening &

• predicate = (came when)

• Though like a sentence but inside a sentence

Adverb Clauses

• Kinds of Adverb Clauses

– Time

– Place – Purpose – Clause

– Condition – Result

– Comparison

Adverb Clauses: Time

• Introduced by subordinating conjunctions whenever,

while, after, before, since, as

– When you have finished your work you may go home.

– I will it when I think fit.

– Don’t talk while she is singing.

– After the law had been passed this form of crime ceased.

– Do it before you forget.

– Before you go bring me some water.

– There was silence as the leader spoke.

Adverb Clause: Place

• Where, wherever

– I have put it where I can find it again. – They can stay where they are.

– Where you live I will live.

Adverb Clause: Purpose

• So that, in order that, lest

– I will give you a map so that you find the way – We eat so that we may live.

– The UNO was formed in order that countries might

discuss world problems

– He was extra polite to his seniors lest something

adverse should be written into his records.

Adverb Clause: Cause/Reason

• Because, as, since, that

– Because I believe you, I shall help you.

– I did it because I wanted to.

– Since you are so clever you will be able to explain

this

– Since you swear to me, I will employ you.

– I am glad that you like it.

– He was very pleased that you have passed.

Adverb Clause: Condition (1)

• If, whether, unless

– If I like it, I shall buy it

– Come, if you wish to.

– If it rains we shall stay at home.

– You must go whether you hear from him or not.

– Whether Ram gives him money or not, he will

speak the truth.

Adverb Clauses: Condition(2)

• Sometimes subjordinating conjuct is ommitted

– What would you answer did I ask you such a question? – Had I not seen this with my own eyes I would not have

believed it.

• Sometimes introduced by a relative pronoun (adjec,

adverb) without any antecedent

– Whatever happens keep calm.

– Don’t annoy him whatever you do.

Adverb Clause: Result/Consequence

• That (So or such may precede principal clause)

– He is such a good man that all respect him.

– So great a fire raged that London was burnt down.

– Romans built in such a way that their walls are intact. – He spoke in such a low voice that few could hear him.

• Sometimes subordinating conjunction is dropped

Adverb Clause: Comparison

(degree/manner)

• 1 Adv Clause of comparison of degree

– Than, as (relative adverb)

• He is older than he looks.

• No one can run faster than Rama. • It is later than I thought

• He is as stupid as he is lazy.

• He is not so clever as you think.

– Verb of degree of comparison is often understood and not

expressed

Adverb Clause: Comparison

(degree/manner)

• Adv Clause of comparison of manner

– As (relative adverb)

• You many as you please. • It all ended as I expected.

• As you have made your bed so you must lie on it. • As he has lived so will he die

Adverb Clause : Supposition/Concession

• Though, although, even if

– Though I am poor I am honest.

– He set sail though the storm threatened.

– I shall be able to get in although I have no ticket.

– Although I forbade this you have done it. – Even if it rains I shall come

– I would not it even if you paid me.

Suppostion: an idea or a statement believed or assumed to be true

Noun Clauses

• Play the role of noun

– I expect to get a prize.

– I expect that I shall get a prize.

• [Expect what ?]

– 1st is phrase, 2nd clause

Noun clause can be a Subject of a verb

- That you should say so surprises me. - What he said was true

2 The object of a transitive verb

- He says that he won’t go. - Tell me where you live.

3 The object of a preposition

Noun clause can be a

4 In apposition to a noun or pronoun

- Your statement that you found money in the

street will not be believed.

- You must never forget this, that honesty is the

best policy

Apposition is a grammatical construction in which two elements, normally noun phrases, are placed side by side, with one element serving to define or modify the other

Noun clause can be a

5 The complement of a verb of incomplete predication

– My belief is that he will not come.

– Her constant prayer was that the child might live. – Life is what we make it.

– This is where I live.

– My wish is that I may please you

Incomplete predication: Consider the sentence He looks upset

Something more …

• Apposition is a grammatical construction in which

two elements, normally noun phrases, are placed side by side, with one element serving to define or modify the other