Gerund and Inf 4

Gerunds often follow verbs often follow verbs that indicate that an action that indicate that an action. is happening or has is happening or has[r]

Gerunds Gerunds

and and

Gerunds and infinitives

Gerunds and infinitives

can function as: can function as:

NOUNS NOUNS

(

(subjects, objects, subject subjects, objects, subject complements)

complements)

As subjects, they take a As subjects, they take a

singular verb singular verb Only Gerunds can be

Only Gerunds can be object object of the preposition.

To form

To form gerundsgerunds, use, use the

the basebase form + form + inging

(don’t’ forget the rules for spelling of ing form of verbs)

(don’t’ forget the rules for spelling of ing form of verbs) I enjoy learning English

I enjoy learning English

To form negative gerunds, To form negative gerunds,

use use

not + gerund

not + gerund

Not speaking

Not speaking English well English well is my biggest problem in is my biggest problem in

Gerunds

Gerunds used as used as

subject of the subject of the

sentence. sentence.

Dancing

Gerunds

Gerunds used as used as

objects objects

He enjoys

He enjoys workingworking with with

children

Verbs that take only

Verbs that take only

Gerunds

Gerunds

• AppreciateAppreciate

• AvoidAvoid

• DelayDelay • DenyDeny

• DiscussDiscuss

• DislikeDislike

• EnjoyEnjoy

• ExcuseExcuse

• FinishFinish

• KeepKeep

• MentionMention

• MindMind • MissMiss

• PostponePostpone

• QuitQuit

• RecallRecall

• RecommendRecommend

Gerunds

Gerunds used as used as

object of the object of the

preposition preposition

I am thinking

I am thinking aboutabout takingtaking the children to Mexico

Common preposition Common preposition

combinations followed by combinations followed by

gerunds gerunds

• Be excited Be excited aboutabout, complain , complain about,about, talk talk

about,

about, think think aboutabout, worry , worry aboutabout

• Apologize Apologize forfor, blame , blame for, for, famousfamous for for • Believe Believe inin, interested , interested inin, succeed , succeed inin

• Take care Take care ofof, instead , instead ofof, be accused , be accused ofof • Insist Insist on, on, countcount on, on, concentrateconcentrate on on

• Keep Keep fromfrom, prevent , prevent from, from, profitprofit from from

• In addition In addition toto, look forward , look forward toto, be used , be used

to

By + gerund

By + gerund

You get good grades

You get good grades by by studying hard.

studying hard. go + gerund

go + gerund

Recreational activities: camping, dancing,

Recreational activities: camping, dancing,

sightseeing, swimming, skiing, fishing, jogging,

sightseeing, swimming, skiing, fishing, jogging, I will

I will go fishinggo fishing with you with you tomorrow

Some expressions Some expressions

are used with are used with

gerunds

gerunds

Be busy, can’t help, have fun,

Be busy, can’t help, have fun,

it’s no use, it’s not worth

To form

To form infinitivesinfinitives use use

to + base form of the verb

to + base form of the verb

I want

I want to danceto dance To form negative

To form negative infinitivesinfinitives use

use

Not + infinitive

Not + infinitive

He decided

He decided not to gonot to go to the to the party.

Infinitives

Infinitives in the in the subject position subject position

To live

To live in the United States is my in the United States is my dream

dream

It is

It is my dream my dream to liveto live in the in the United States

Verbs that take

Verbs that take infinitivesinfinitives

Verb + infinitives

Verb + infinitives – – agree, appear, decideagree, appear, decide

hope, intend, learn, offer, plan, seem, tend,

hope, intend, learn, offer, plan, seem, tend,

wait, can afford

wait, can afford

Verb + Noun phrase + infinitive

Verb + Noun phrase + infinitive – – cause, cause, convince, force, invite, order, persuade,

convince, force, invite, order, persuade,

remind, tell, trust, warn, advise,

remind, tell, trust, warn, advise,

encourage

encourage

Verbs that come directly after the infinitive Verbs that come directly after the infinitive

or have a noun phrase

or have a noun phrase – – ask, beg, choose, ask, beg, choose, expect, need, want, would like, promise

Adjectives followed Adjectives followed

by

by infinitivesinfinitives

Infinitive of purpose

Infinitive of purpose

In order to

In order to

I came here

Infinitive

Infinitive with with tootoo and and enough

enough

too + adjective or adverb +

too + adjective or adverb +

infinitive

infinitive

She is

She is too youngtoo young to vote to vote. Adjective or adverb +

Adjective or adverb +

enough + infinitive

enough + infinitive

They are

Gerunds

Gerunds often follow verbs often follow verbs that indicate that an action that indicate that an action

is happening or has is happening or has

happened. happened.

The action expressed by the The action expressed by the

verb comes at the same verb comes at the same

Infinitives

Infinitives often follow often follow

verbs that indicate that an verbs that indicate that an action will or could happen. action will or could happen.

The action expressed by the The action expressed by the

verb comes before the verb comes before the action expressed by the action expressed by the

infinitive. infinitive.

We hope to go to the We hope to go to the

Verbs that are followed by Verbs that are followed by

a noun phrase + infinitive

a noun phrase + infinitive

can also be followed by

can also be followed by a a gerund

gerund

The gerund makes it The gerund makes it

general and the infinitive general and the infinitive

make specific the person make specific the person

indicated. indicated. They

They allow smokingallow smoking in this in this building.

building. They

These verbs are:

These verbs are:

advise

advise

allow

allow

encourage

encourage

permit

permit

require

require

urge

Some verbs can be followed Some verbs can be followed

by both

by both gerundgerund or or infinitiveinfinitive with no change in meaning. with no change in meaning.

Begin, hate, like,

Begin, hate, like,

start, love, prefer, continue

I like

I like cooking.cooking. I like

I like to cook.to cook. She started

She started losing losing weightweight She started

Some verbs although they can Some verbs although they can be used after both

be used after both gerundsgerunds and and infinitives

infinitives have a difference in have a difference in meaning

meaning remember remember

forget forget regret regret

stop stop

She stopped

She stopped smoking.smoking. She stopped

She stopped to smoke.to smoke. They forgot

They forgot buyingbuying bread bread They forgot

Used to

Used to

Be used to

Be used to

Get used to

Get used to

Verbs of perception

Verbs of perception::

infinitives: from start to infinitives: from start to

finish finish

Gerunds: in progress Gerunds: in progress

I

I heardheard the children the children crycry I

I sawsaw your friends your friends walkingwalking

Infinitive forms are not Infinitive forms are not used after the following used after the following

verbs of perception: verbs of perception:

feel

feel

see

see

hear

hear

smell

When a specific performer When a specific performer of the gerund action needs of the gerund action needs

to be indicated,

to be indicated, a a

possessive noun or a

possessive noun or a

possessive determiner

possessive determiner is is used.

used.

I really appreciate I really appreciate Karen’s/her

Karen’s/her writing that writing that letter for me.

letter for me. Peter’s/his

Your

Your neglecting your teeth neglecting your teeth will cause an earlier return will cause an earlier return

to the dentist. to the dentist. Their

Their denying the denying the allegation was

allegation was understandable. understandable. I didn’t like the

I didn’t like the dog’sdog’s

I don’t mind

I don’t mind hishis leaving leaving early.

early.

(formal) (formal) I don’t mind

I don’t mind himhim leaving leaving early.

early.

When an infinitive When an infinitive functions as a

functions as a subjectsubject or a or a subject complement

subject complement, any , any stated subject of the

stated subject of the infinitive should be infinitive should be preceded by

preceded by forfor If a If a

pronoun follows for, it must

pronoun follows for, it must

be in object form.

be in object form.

When the

When the subjectsubject of a of a

gerund is stated, it takes

For people

For people to see is a to see is a wonderful gift.

wonderful gift. Her desire was

Her desire was for themfor them to to take a trip around the world take a trip around the world

They hoped

Infinitives

Infinitives can occur in the can occur in the progressive but

progressive but gerundsgerunds

cannot. cannot.

To be doing

To be doing

It is used to indicate an It is used to indicate an

activity in progress or activity in progress or

ongoing ongoing

She had hoped to be

Both

Both gerunds and gerunds and infinitives

infinitives can occur in the can occur in the perfect form

perfect form having done

having done

to have done

to have done

It is used to indicate that

It is used to indicate that

the activity is in the past

the activity is in the past

We appreciate having heard

We appreciate having heard

her sing.

her sing.

We’re fortunate to have

A gerund can be used in the A gerund can be used in the

passive form passive form

I dislike being told a lie.

Have Have make make let let

are causative verbs They are causative verbs They

cause someone to cause someone to

something. something.

They are always followed by They are always followed by

a noun phrase + base form a noun phrase + base form

of verb. of verb.

Do not use an infinitive Do not use an infinitive

She

She mademade her daughterher daughter gogo to the party.

to the party. She

She letlet himhim taketake the the camera.

camera. She

She hadhad meme prepareprepare

After

After causative causative verbsverbs:: get

get

convince

convince

persuade

persuade

use the

use the infinitiveinfinitive She

She gotgot me me to workto work She

Sense-perception verbs: Sense-perception verbs:

hear, listen to

hear, listen to

feel, smell, see

feel, smell, see

watch, observe, notice

watch, observe, notice

are followed by either a are followed by either a

noun phrase + base or –ing noun phrase + base or –ing

form with only a slight form with only a slight

We saw people

We saw people living living in in poverty.

poverty. We saw

Help

Help

can take an infinitive or can take an infinitive or

base form. base form. It can occur

It can occur withwith or or withoutwithout a noun phrase.

a noun phrase. I helped

I helped them carrythem carry the the boxes.

boxes.

I helped

I helped them to clean upthem to clean up

after the

perfect infinitive:

perfect infinitive: to have to have moved

moved

progressive infinitive:

progressive infinitive: to be to be working

working

perfect progressive perfect progressive

infinitive: infinitive:

to have been playing

to have been playing

passive:

passive: to be seento be seen

perfect passive:

Perfect gerund:

Perfect gerund: having having moved

moved

passive gerund:

passive gerund: being donebeing done perfect passive gerund: perfect passive gerund:

having been selected