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Adjectives Adjectives Adjectives ∗ Definition ∗ Classification ∗ Position of Adjective in a sentence ∗ Adjective Order before Nouns ∗ Adjective Equivalents ∗ Formation ∗ Compound Adjectives ∗ Comparison of Adjective - Identification - Comparative Degree - Superlative Degree - Irregular Comparison - Double Comparison I. Definition: Adjectives are words used to describe Nouns, Pronouns, or Noun-equivalents. EX: beautiful girls, handsome men, naughty boys red pencils and blue ones Your walking every day II. Classification 1. Proper Adjectives French, English, Vietnamese 2. Descriptive Adjectives: tell something about the appearance, nature, or properties of the Nouns. big, small, round, square, old, young, beautiful, . 3. Numeral Adjectives • Cardinal numbers • Ordinal numbers one, two, three, . first, second, third, . 4. Interrogative Adjectives - Which boy is the tallest in this class? - Whose hat is this? - What time is it? - Which/ What color do you like best? 5. Possessive Adjectives My, Our,Your, His, Her, Its, Their,One’s - Where is your hat? 6. Demonstrative Adjectives THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE - This pen is expensive. - Those people are strange. 7. Indefinite Adjectives SOME, ANY, NO, LITTLE, FEW, MANY, MUCH, EACH, EVERY, ALL - There’s some ice in the fridge. - All horses are animals but not all animals are horses. III. Positions of Adjectives in Sentences 1. Generally Before a Noun - He is a clever student. - We live in an independent country. 2. After TO BE or Linking Verbs - I feel hungry. - Are you thirsty? - The baby looks healthy. - We feel happy. 3. After a Noun a. In a series linked by Conjunctions - He has a face thin and worn but eager and resolute. - He is a writer both witty and wise. 1 Adjectives b. In a Phrase - She carries a basket full of fruit. - I want to employ a secretary capable of translating scientific papers. - We live in a country dependent of foreign pressure. c. Denoting measurement and time - The mountain is over 5,000 feet high. - They have built a tower 10 storeys high. - I met a man 100 years old. d. As an objective complement - They set the prisoner free. - His appearance makes me frightened. e. Adjectives begun with ‘a’: asleep, awake, alike (giống nhau), alive (còn sống), awry (xiên, lệch), alone, afloat (nổi), akin to (có họ hàng với), . → placed after Nouns or TO BE/ LINKING VERBS - The police wanted to arrest the thief alive. - Are the children still awake? f. In a few expressions - The Secretary General.(Tổng thư ký) - Court martial (Tòa án quân sự) - By all means possible (= mọi cách có thể) - The sum total (sổ kết toán) - All the people present (tất cả mọi người hiện diện) g. Proper Noun + THE + Adj - Alfred the Great (Alfred Đại đế) - William the Silent (William người trầm lặng) - Ivan the Terrible (Ivan kẻ khủng khiếp) 4. After an Indefinite Pronoun - I’ll tell you something important. - He’ll provide everything necessary. - There’s nothing new under the sun. IV. Adjective Order before Nouns : “DOC. OpSASCOMP” Article Demonstrative Possessive Indefinite Numeral ordinal cardinal Opinion/ Quality Size Age Shape Color Form Origin/ Nationality Material Purpose (Noun/ Verbal) Noun a, an, the this, that, these, his, her, my, some first second one two old nice ugly terrible lovely good beautiful big small/little large tiny, enormous, tall, big, wide, thin , thick new old young ancient, six- month- old, antique round square triangle rectangle, flat, barrel- shaped black brown red, blue, green liquid solid French Vietnamese cotton plastic lead cloth, leather, metal, glass, wooden sports/ swimming watches these four expensive square golden Swiss wrist watches my sister’s first nice blue swimming suit a wonderful New face cream some nice quiz question an kettle plastic souvenirs white leather running shoes a long patient queue a small round bath the first two New red French sports cars Mary’s sudden surprising attitude some sour big green American apples V. Adjective Equivalents: Words or groups of words that describe a Noun in the same way as an Adjective. 2 Adjectives Adjective Equivalents Example Noun river fish (fish living in the river), sea winds (winds from the sea) Possessive Noun man’s life, sun’s ray, John’s book Noun as Apposition money, a golden key; John, my friend Participles I hear the singing bird in the tree. He found a broken watch yesterday. Infinitive water to drink, friend to entertain Adverb (with some participle understood) the then (reigning) king, the down (going) lift Phrase a man of high position; her wish to speak English fluently; a mountain covered with snow; a person responsible for his actions Clause People who eat too much may fall sick. Heaven is the place where no hate (thù hận) and no lust (dục vọng) exist. VI. Formation Adjectives formed from Nouns N + suffix Meaning Example N + -Y full of, covered with, having like airy (thoáng khí), foggy, grassy (đầy cỏ), leafy (rậm lá, giống lá) N + -FULL Having fearful, hopeful, painful, careful N + -LESS Lacking fearless, hopeless, painless, careless N+ − − − EOUS IOUS OUS having the quality named by the base mountainous, dangerous, courageous, mysterious, studious N + -ANT -ENT having the quality of distant, vacant (khuyết, trống), confident, frequent N + -AL -IAL pertaining to, appropriate to, having the character of accidental, formal, cultural, colonial, industrial, musical N + -IC having the character of artistic, democratic, patriotic N + -LY resembling in appearance, manner of nature; at intervals of (time) friendly, childly, motherly, fatherly, manly weekly, hourly, monthly, daily N + -LIKE having the character of childlike, ladylike, lifelike, warlike N + -AR belong to, pertaining to, like circular, polar, familiar N + -ARY -ORY consisting of, pertaining to (gắn liền, thuộc về, liên quan), like congratulatory, honorary, necessary, satisfactory N + ATE pertaining to, like, possessing collegiate (thuộc, lien quan đến cao đẳng), fortunate, proportionate (cân xứng với) N + -EN made of, resembling, consisting golden, silken, wooden, earthen (bằng đất) N + -AN -IAN belonging to, pertaining to African, American, Canadian, Italian N + -SOME having the quality of troublesome = bothersome, quarrelsome (hay sinh sự) Adjectives formed from other Adjectives Adjective + suffix Example Adj + -AL periodical, historical Adj + -LY sickly, poorly, deadly Adj + -ISH whitish (hơi trắng), greenish (hơi lục), reddish (hơi đỏ), bluish (hơi xanh) Adj + -FOLD twofold, threefold, fourfold, manifold Adj + SOME Wholesome (khỏe mạnh, không độc), gladsome (sung sướng, vui vẻ) 3 Adjectives Prefix + ADJ Meaning Example A- + Adj DIS- IL- IM- IN- IR- UN- NON- Not Apathetic, atrophic disagreeable, disobedient, disloyal illegal, illogical, illegible immortal, impossible, impolite invisible, inconvenient, independent irregular, irresponsible, irrational uneasy, unlucky, unsuccessful nonexistent, nonexclusive, nonpolitical PRO- + Adj in favor of pro-American (thân Mỹ), pro-British, pro-communist (thân cộng) ANTI- + Adj Against anti-governmental, anti-royalist UNDER- + Adj less than, insufficiently underdeveloped, underfed, underpaid SUB- + Adj Under subhuman, substandard SUPER- + Adj Over superhuman, supernatural EXTRA- + Adj beyond, outside extracellular (ngoại bào, ngoài tế bào), extracurricular INTRA- + Adj inside, within intracellular (nội bào), intrastate trong phạm vi 1 tiểu bang), intraabdominal (trong bụng) INTER- + Adj among, between international, interstate (giữa các tiểu bang), interdepartmental (liên bộ, liên vụ) TRANS- + Adj across, through transcontinental (xuyên lục địa), transatlantic (vượt đại tây dương) CO- + Adj Together coexistent (cùng tồn tại), co-educational (thuộc việc dạy học chung giữa nam và nữ), SEMI- + Adj HEMI- Half semiannual (nửa năm, nửa năm 1 lần), semi-dependent (nửa độc lập), semitropical (cận nhiệt đới), hemispherical = hemispheric (thuộc/có hình bán cầu) UNI- + Adj MONO- One unilateral (thực hiện bởi/chỉ ảnh hưởng tới 1 người/nhóm/nước), unicellular (đơn bào), monolingual (đơn ngữ) BI- + Adj Two bilateral (song phương, tay đôi), bilingual (song ngữ), biannual (2 lần 1 năm) VII. Compound Adjectives Formation Example N + Adj water-resistant, snow-white V ing heart-warming (chân tình, ấm lòng), heart-breaking (làm đau lòng) V ed/3 home-made (làm ở nhà), man-made N -ed dog-eared (quăn bìa, cuốn góc), lion-hearted (dũng cảm) Adj + Adj dark blue, light green V ing sweet-smelling (thơm), ill-looking (xấu xí), long-standing (lâu đời) V ed/3 ill-dressed (ăn mặc luộm thuộm), ill-favoured (vô duyên, xấu, có mặt hãm tài), long-lived (sống lâu), soft-spoken (thỏ thẻ), long-sighted (viễn thị, nhìn xa thấy rộng), N -ed white-livered (nhát gan), white-lipped (môi tái vì sợ), four-legged (có 4 chân) Adv + V ing hard-working, hard-hitting (bốp chát), ever-blooming (ra hoa quanh năm), ever- changing (bấp bênh, luôn thay đổi) V ed/3 hard-favoured = hard-featured (có nét mặt thô cứng), well-done, heart-hearted (nhẫn tâm, long dạ sắt đá) miscellaneous (hỗn hợp) well-to-do (thịnh vượng, giàu có), hard-of-hearing (nghễnh ngãng), up-to-date 4 Adjectives Comparison I. Identification of Short and Long Adjectives 1. Short Adjectives: a. Monosyllable adjectives long, tall, big, small, cold, b. Two-syllable adjectives ending in -Y, -ER, -ET, -LE & -OW pretty, clever, quiet, gentle, narrow c. Two-syllable adjectives stressed on the second syllable políte, sevére, profoúnd d. Some particular adjectives common, handsome, pleasant 2. Long Adjectves: a. Adjectives with two or more syllables selfish, rapid, beautiful, wonderful b. Adjectives in participle forms boring, bored II. Degrees of Comparison 1. Equal Degree (Comparison of Equality) AS + ADJ./ADV. + AS - He is as strong as a bull. - Tom ran as quickly as David (did). - Your stories are as old as the hills. - The exercise is as easy as ABC. - The walls are as white as snow. NOT + AS/SO +ADJ./ADV. +AS - This room is not so/as large as that one. 2. Superior Degree (Comparison of Superiority) short ADJ./ADV.-ER + THAN - Vietnam is bigger than Cambodia. - The rabbit runs faster than the tortoise. more + long ADJ./ADV. + THAN - Good health is more important than money. - She drives more carefully than her husband. 3. Inferior Degree (Comparison of Inferiority) LESS + ADJ/ADV + THAN - The notebook is less thick than the book. - This car is less expensive than that one. 4. Superlative Degree (Comparison of Superlative ) THE + short ADJ-EST + . )( of placein - He is the tallest man in the class. - The "Prince" runs the fastest of the five. (THE) +MOST+ long ADJ/ADV+ . )( of placein - He is the most intelligent of the students. - He came the earliest of the group. - She smiles the most gracefully of all the girls 5. Superlative of Inferiority THE LEAST + ADJ/ADV + in/of . - It is said that donkeys are the least intelligent animals. - She is the least tall of the models. - He argues the least convincingly. 5 Adjectives II. Some rules when adding -ER or -EST to Adjectives/Adverbs 1. If the Adjectives already ending in –E, only add – R or –ST large – larger – largest simple – simpler – simplest 2. If an Adjective ending in a Consonant + -Y, change the –Y to –I before adding –ER or –EST happy – happier – happiest lucky – luckier – luckiest 3. If a one-syllable Adjective ending in 1 Vowel + 1 Consonant, double the final consonant before adding –ER or –EST big – bigger – biggest fat – fatter – fattest 4. Irregular Adjectives/Adverbs good (adj) well (adv, adj) better best bad worse worst old older elder oldest (older in general) eldest (for members of the same family) little + N uncount few + N plu, count less fewer least fewest much + N uncount many + N plu, count more most late (adj, adv) later latter (the 2 nd of the 2) latest last (the previous one, the final one): last week, the last guest fore (adj, adv) former (the 1 st of the 2) foremost (adj, adv) (đầu tiên, đứng đầu, trước nhất) first (adj, adv) far (adj, adv) farther further (addition) farthest (more distant) furthest (more, more distant) in (adj, adv) inner inmost = innermost (adj) (tận trong cùng, tận đáy lòng) out (adj, adv) outer outmost = outermost (adj) (phía ngoài cùng, ngoài xa nhất) up (adj, adv) upper uppermost (adj) (cao nhất, quan trọng nhất), (adv) (trước hết) near (adj, adv) nearer nearest next Notes 1. Some Adj can’t be compared. Square, right, perfect, supreme, true, wooden,… 2. Some Adj have Latin comparison. Superior to, inferior to, anterior to, prior to, posterior to, senior to, junior to, major to, minor to - My friend is junior to me. - His capacity is inferior to ours. 3. Some Adj are also used as Adv. A further place/We can’t go further. The fastest car/ He drives fastest. 4. Superior degree is used between 2 items only. - I have bought two shirts. Which one is more beautiful? NOT: Which one is the most beautiful? 5. When reffering to the first and second of Two things mentioned, use “Former/ Latter”. -He studied French and German. The former language he speaks very well, but the latter one only imperfectly. • ADDITIONAL POINTS: 1.We can modify the Superiors with “much, a lot, far, a little, a bit, slightly” to increase or reduce the degree. • Bob is much richer than I am. 6 Adjectives • My mother's hair is slightly longer than mine. 2.We can modify the Superlatives with “by far, easily, nearly”. • Mario's is by far the best restaurant in town. • I'm nearly the oldest in the class. 3.We do not use “the” with the superlative if there is a possessive. • His strongest point is his ambition. IV. Double Comparison Rule Meaning Example short Adj/ Adv-ER and short Adj/Adv-ER càng ngày càng, càng lúc càng - The days are shorter and shorter in winter. more and more + long Adj/Adv less and less + long Adj/Adv - Our lessons become more and more difficult. - Doris is less and less attentive in class. The short Adj/Adv-ER + S + V, The more + long Adj + S + V, - The more + S + V, - The less + S + V, the short Adj-ER + S + V./ the more long Adj + S + V./ the more + S + V./ the less + S + V. / Càng …, càng … - The higher the sun is, the shorter the shadow is. - The more he drank, the thirstier he was. - The harder he tries, the less progress he seems to make. - The more he works, the more he earns. - The less he works, the less he will be paid. Expressions - The more the merrier. (càng đông càng vui) - The sooner, the better. (càng sớm càng tốt) - The higher up, the greater fall. (trèo cao té đau) - The least said, the soonest mended. - the highest heads are the most exposed; noblesse oblige (càng cao danh vọng càng dày gian nan) - As little as possible/As few as possible (càng ít càng tốt) The less the better/The fewer the better As infrequently as possible - More haste, less speed (dục tốc bất đạt) Expressions as ageless as the sun trẻ mãi như mặt trời as agile as a monkey nhanh như sóc as alike as 2 peas as alike as peas in a pod giống nhau như đúc, giống nhau như 2 giọt nước as bare as the palm of one’s hand hoàn toàn trơ trụi/rỗng không as big as a barn door to như cửa nhà kho as bitter as gall (mật, túi mật) đắng như mật gấu/bồ hòn as blind as a bat/a mole (nốt rùi, chuột chũi) mù tịt as bold as an egg/a coot (sư)/a billiard ball đầu trọc lóc như cái sọ dừa/trọc lóc bình vôi as bold as brass (đồng thao, kèn đồng, sự vô liêm sỉ) trơ tráo như gáo múc dầu, mặt dày mày dạn as bold/brave as lion (can đảm) can đảm như sư tử as bright as a button khôn ngoan, nhạy bén as brown as a berry nâu như trái beri, có da sạm nắng as busy as a bee/an ant hết sức bận rộn as busy as bees rất bận rộn as calm as a cat êm nhẹ như mèo as changeable as weather đổi như thời tiết 7 Adjectives as clean as a new pin (đinh/kim/kẹp)/a whistle (tiếng huýt/còi/hót) sạch như chùi as clear as a bell(tiếng chuông)/crystal as clear as day as clear as the sun at noonday as clear as that two and two make four trong như pha lê rõ như ban ngày rõ như 2 với 2 là 4 as cool as a cucumber bình tĩnh, không hề nao núng as cross as two sticks tức điên lên, (tréo ngoe cẳng ngỗng???) as dark as coal as dark as midmight đen như than tối như mực as dead as a dodo (chim cưu đã tuyệt chủng) as dead as a doornail (đinh cửa)/a herring (cá trích)/a nit (trứng chí/rận)/mutton (thịt cừu)/Julius Ceasar hết hiệu lực/giá trị chết thật rồi, chết cứng đơ as dead as a door nail/a stone chết ngay cán cuốc as deaf as a doornail/an adder (rắn vipe)/a beetle/a stone/a doorpost điếc đặc as drunk as a sow (lợn nái, mọt gỗ, kim loại cứng lại ở rãnh) say bí tỉ, say túy lúy as dry as dust as dry as a bone as dry as a chip tẻ nhạt khô như ngói nhạt như nước ốc as dumb as an oyster câm như hến as early as the (19th) century ngay từ thế kỷ (19) as easy as anything/pie/ABC/falling off a log/winking (nháy mắt) dễ như trở bàn tay, quá dễ as far as I’m concerned về phần tôi, đối với tôi as/so far as in me lies trong phạm vi khả năng của tôi as/so far as something/someone is concerned theo cách hoặc ở chừng mực mà cái gì, ai có liên quan hoặc chịu ảnh hưởng as far as the eye can see đến tận chân trời as far back as (two years ago) lui về (cách đây 2 năm) as fast as one’s leg(s) can carry one nhanh bằng hết sức của mình as firm/solid as rock vững như bàn thạch as flat as a pancake nhạt nhẽo, vô vị as fresh as a daisy tươi như hoa as full as an egg chật ních, chật như nêm as gentle as a lamb hiền như bụt as good a man as ever trod shoe-leather người tốt nhất trần gian as good as new tốt như mới as good as pie rất tốt, rất ngoan as good as wheat rất hợp, rất xứng đáng as good/well as the next man bình thường như mọi người as happy as a clam (con trai)(at high tide) as happy as a sand-boy sướng rơn rất sung sướng as happy as a clam at high tide sướng rơn as happy as the day is long rất vui mừng , rất sung sướng as hard as nails lạnh như tiền, rắn như đanh as hot as fire nóng như lửa as hot as pepper cay như ớt as hungry as a hunter đói như cào as keen (sắc bén, chua cay) as mustard (mù tạc, hăng hái) hăng say, hớn hở as large as life e.g, There she was as large as life. (cô ta đã xuất hiện, đích thực là cô ta.) xuất hiện bằng xương bằng thịt, không nhầm lẫn, nghi ngờ as light as a feather nhẹ như lông hồng as likely as not hẳn là, chắc là 8 Adjectives He’ll be at home now, as likely as not. (hẳn là bây giờ nó đang ở nhà.) as loud as thunder vang như sấm as mad as a hatter (người làm/bán mũ; điên cuồng) điên cuồng, rồ dại as mad as a March hare cuồng như thỏ rừng đi tơ, phát cuồng as merry as cricket vui như mở hội as miserable/ugly as sin rất khốn khổ as near as a toucher He was as near as a toucher falling in the stream. (Suýt nữa nó ngã xuống dòng suối.) suýt nữa, chỉ một ly nữa as near as dammit as near as make no difference It’s going to cost 200 francs or as near as dammit. (Cái đó giá 200 f hoặc suýt soát thế.) xê xích, suýt soát as nutty (hấp dẫn, đậm đà, có mùi vị hạt phỉ) as a fruitcake gàn bướng, quái gỡ as often as not/more often than not When it’s foggy, the trains are late more often than not. (Khi trời sương mù, tàu hỏa hay đến chậm lắm.) luôn luôn, rất hay as old as the earth/ the hills/Adam xưa như Trái đất as pale as a ghost (xanh như tàu lá chuối) as pissed (say, xỉn) as a newt (con sa going) say túy lúy, say hết biết gì as plain as the nose in one’s face as plain as a pikestaff (cán giáo) rõ như ban ngày as pleased as Punch (nhân vật gù lưng, lố bịch trong vở rối truyền thống Punch and Judy) rất hài lòng as plentiful as black berries nhiều thứa mứa, muốn bao nhiêu cũng có as poor as a church mouse nghèo rớt mùng tơi as pretty as a picture as pretty as paint đẹp như tranh đẹp như vẽ as proud as a cock on his own dunghill (đống phân) chó cậy gần nhà, gà cậy gần chuồng as proud as a peacock as proud as Punch hách như ông nghè, cực kỳ kiêu hãnh dương dương tự đắc as pure as the driven snow hết sức trong trắng as quick as a lightning as quich as flash as quich as thought nhanh như chớp as quiet as a mouse im lặng như tờ as red as a beetroot as red as a boiled lobster as red as blood as red as fire đỏ như gấc/đỏ như gạch/đỏ như máu/ đỏ như tôm luộc as regular as a clockwork as regular as time đều như cái đồng hồ đang chạy as rich as Croesus (nhà triệu phú) as rich as a Jew (người cho vay nặng lãi) rất giàu, giàu như Thạch Sùng Vương Khải as safe as houses rất an toàn as savage as lion dữ như chằn as secret as the grave kín như bưng as sharp as a needle rất thông minh và nhanh trí as silent as a gold fish lặng như tờ as slow as a turtle/a snail chậm như rùa as smooth as a baby bottom rất mịn màng as snug (ấm, kín gió) as a bug in a rug (chăn, thảm) ấm cúng, đầm ấm as sober as a judge tỉnh táo, không say rượu; đứng đắn, nghiêm trang, không thiên vị as soft as silk as sound as a bell trong tình trạng tuyệt hảo 9 Adjectives as sound as a roach (con gián = cockroach) mạnh như trâu, khỏe mạnh as sour as vinegar chua như giấm as stiff (cứng) as a poker (que cời lửa, dùi khắc nung) cứng như gỗ, thẳng đuồn đuộc as stiff/straight as a ramrod (cái thông nòng súng) (người) đứng rất thẳng as straight as an arrow trung thực, bộc trực as strong as a horse khỏe như trâu as stupid as a donkey/a goose/an owl ngu như bò as stupid as a donkey/bull/an owl ngu như bò/ngơ ngơ như ngỗng đực as sure as a gun as sure as egg is egg as sure as eggs is eggs chắc như đinh đóng cột, chắc như 2 với 2 là 4 as surly/sulky/cross as a bear cau có, nhăn nhó, gắt như mắm tôm as sweet as honey ngọt như đường as thick as thieves rất than thiết (2 hay nhiều người) as thick as two short planks (tấm ván) rất ngu ngốc as thin as a lath (thanh gỗ mỏng) gầy như cái que as timid as a rabbit nhát như thỏ đế as tough as old boots dai nhách, rất dai as true as the needle to the pole đáng tin cậy as ugly as home-made soap as ugly as sin xấu như ma as vain as a peacock dương dương tự đắc as warm as toast ấm áp 1 cách dễ chịu as weak as a baby/a cat/water yếu như bún/lau as well be hanged for a sheep as for a lamb đã trót thì phải trét as wet as a drowned rat ướt như chuột lột as white as snow trắng như tuyết as wise as an owl tinh khôn, khôn ranh ASSIGNMENT 7 for “ADVERBS” LESSON 1. How many categories of adverbs are there in English? What are they? Give some examples for each type. 2. What are functions of Adverbs (What parts of speech does an Adverb modify?)? Give One example for each function. 3. List all possible positions of ADVERB in sentences as you know. Give one example for each position. 4. Compare the positions of ADJECTIVES with those of ADVERBS. 5. How can we Inverse Subject and Verb when putting an Adverb at the beginning of a sentence? Give the Structure of Inversion and One example for each case. 6. List some Confused Adverbs and Give short explanation to distinguish them. 10