Walter J. Goralski Juniper ® and Cisco  Routing Policy and Protocols for Multivendor IP Networks TEAMFLY Team-Fly ® Juniper ® and Cisco  Routing Policy and Protocols for Multivendor IP Networks Walter J. Goralski Juniper ® and Cisco  Routing Policy and Protocols for Multivendor IP Networks Publisher: Robert Ipsen Editor: Carol Long Developmental Editor: Scott Amerman Associate Managing Editor: John Atkins Text Design & Composition: Wiley Composition Services Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trade- marks. In all instances where Wiley Publishing, Inc. is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial capital or ALL CAPITAL LETTERS . Readers, however, should contact the appro- priate companies for more complete information regarding trademarks and registration. This book is printed on acid-free paper. ∞ Copyright © 2002 by Walter J. Goralski. All rights reserved. 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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: ISBN: 0-471-21592-9 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Acknowledgments xv Introduction xvii Part 1 The Internet and the Router 1 Chapter 1 A Brief History of the Internet and Router 3 The Pre-Web Internet 6 The Web Comes to Town 13 The Birth of the Web 15 The Web Explodes 19 The Birth of the ISPs 22 The Router’s Role 26 Chapter 2 TCP/IP Survivor’s Guide 33 Internet Protocol Suite: An Overview 34 TCP/IP Layers and the Client/Server Model 35 The Network Layer 38 The IP Layer 40 The Transport Layer 43 The Application Layer 47 Putting It All Together 50 Key TCP/IP Applications 51 FTP (File Transfer Protocol) 51 Telnet (Remote Login) 53 DNS (Domain Name Service) 54 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) and Post Office Protocol (POP) 56 Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) and Boot Protocol (BOOTP) 58 Contents v Network File System (NFS) 60 Simple Network Management Protocol 62 X Windows 64 Multimedia and Multicast 65 MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) 66 Multicast and the Multicast Backbone 69 ARP and ICMP 70 ARP Protocols 71 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) 73 Chapter 3 IP Addressing and Routing 77 The IP Address 77 Private and Martian IP Addresses 82 Reading IP Addresses 83 Direct and Indirect Routing 83 Direct Delivery or No Routing Required 84 The IP Router and Indirect Delivery 87 Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) 92 Fragmentation and Reassembly 95 Limitations of IPv4 98 Features of IPv6 100 The IPv6 Header Structure 103 IPv6 Header Changes 104 IPv6 Addresses 106 The IPv6 Address Prefix 107 IPv4 Packet Processing 109 IPv6 Packet Processing 110 The IPv4/IPv6 Transition: Terminology 110 IPv4/IPv6 Device Compatibility 111 Deploying IPv6 112 Chapter 4 Subnets and Supernets 115 IP Addressing and the Internet 116 IP Subnetting 121 Where IP Addresses Come From 122 The Basics of Subnetting 123 More Advanced Subnetting 127 Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR) 130 VLSM and the Longest-Match Rule 135 The Longest-Match Rule 137 Radix Tree Representation 138 Aggregation 140 Aggregates on the Internet 142 Aggregates and Routing Policy 148 IPv6 Prefixes 150 Summary: The Five Roles for Routing Policy 152 vi Contents Chapter 5 Cisco Router Configuration 155 Cisco Router Architecture 157 Cisco Hardware 158 Cisco Memory 159 RAM/DRAM 160 NVRAM 160 Flash Memory 160 ROM 161 Cisco Router Access 161 Cisco’s Router Operating System 163 Cisco Router Products 164 SOHO Routers 165 Midrange Routers 166 Backbone Routers 166 Cisco’s Hierarchical Vision 168 Configuring Cisco Routers 171 Getting Started 172 Operating Modes 172 Configuration Files 173 Cisco Configuration Example 178 Initial Setup 179 Loopback, Static Routes, and an Aggregate Route 184 Setting the Loopback IP Address 184 Adding Static Route Addresses 185 Setting the Aggregate 188 Viewing the Results 191 More Cisco Configuration Tools 193 Chapter 6 Juniper Networks Router Configuration 195 Router Architecture: Juniper Networks 196 Juniper Networks Hardware: An Overview 197 The Routing Engine (RE) 200 Packet Forwarding Engine (PFE) 200 Physical Interface Card (PIC) 201 Flexible PIC Concentrator (FPC) 201 The Router Midplane 202 The Control Board 202 Packet Flow 203 Juniper Networks Router Access 205 Juniper Network’s Router Operating System 206 Juniper Networks Router Products 209 M40 210 M20 211 M160 211 M5/M10 213 Contents vii Configuring Juniper Networks Routers 214 Getting Started 214 “Operating” Modes 215 Configuration Files 218 Juniper Networks Configuration Example 219 Initial Setup 221 Loopback, Static Routes, and Aggregate Routes 226 Setting the Loopback IP address 226 Adding Static Route Addresses 227 Setting the Aggregate 228 Viewing the Results 232 More Juniper Networks Configuration Tools 235 Part 2 Interior Routing Protocols 237 Chapter 7 Routing Information Protocol (RIP) 239 Distance-Vector Routing 240 Simple Hop-Count Routing 242 Broken Links 245 Distance-Vector Consequences 250 Split Horizon 251 Triggered Updates 252 RIPv1 253 RIPv1 Limitations 259 RIPv2 260 Authentication 262 Subnet Masks 264 Next-Hop Identification 264 Multicasting 266 RIPng for IPv6 266 Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) and Enhanced IGRP (EIGRP) 270 IGRP 270 EIGRP 272 Chapter 8 Configuring RIP 273 Fast Ethernet for Multivendor Connectivity 275 RIP and Static Routes 275 Cisco RIP Configuration 276 Cisco Fast Ethernet 276 Cisco Access Router RIPv1 Configuration 277 Viewing the Results for RIPv1 280 A Routing Policy to Redistribute Static Routes 282 Juniper Networks RIP Configuration 284 Juniper Access Router RIPv2 Configuration 284 Viewing the RIPv2 Results 287 The Send-Statics Routing Policy 289 A Note on RIPv1 Juniper Network Router Operation 291 viii Contents [...]... Policies for the Origin Attribute Cisco to Juniper Networks Juniper Networks to Cisco The Policy for AS 65001 The MED Attribute Cisco MED Routing Policy Juniper Networks MED Routing Policy MEDs and Aggregates 611 614 615 616 617 618 622 623 624 Contents Chapter 18 AS Path and Local Preference The AS Path Attribute Removing Private AS Numbers Routing Policy for the AS Path The Cisco AS Path Routing Policy. .. configure RIP and RIPv2 on a Cisco and Juniper Networks routers This is done mostly to prepare the reader for the OSPF and IS-IS configurations given later in this part of the book There is a section on the use of RIPng for IPv6 Finally, because they are specific to Cisco, the chapter only includes a note on IGRP/EIGRP, and there is no detailed treatment of the Cisco IGRP and EIGRP routing protocols. .. not in detail The normal look and feel of the configuration files and command-line interfaces for Juniper Networks Introduction xxiii routers is also shown in this chapter The chapter ends with the configuration of a Juniper Networks router for global and interface parameters, and then a loopback address, some static routes, and an aggregate route Part 2: Interior Routing Protocols These six chapters... same behavior on a Juniper Networks router At each step, comparisons are made, but not in a judgmental fashion Including information on only Cisco and Juniper Networks routers is in no way intended as a critical judgment on other vendor’s products or methods The exclusion of router vendors other than Cisco and Juniper Networks is a decision forced by the demands of time, resources, and sheer magnitude... of the routing protocol and routing policy basics are covered, but the size of the book limited the depth to which each protocol and policy could be explored Part 1: The Internet and the Router These six chapters set the tone for the rest of the book and series This part of the book positions the Internet, Web, the IP packet, and the role of the router (both Cisco and Juniper Networks routers) so that... static routes, and an aggregate route Chapter 6: Juniper Networks Router Configuration This chapter begins with a discussion of Juniper Networks router architectures and products, emphasizing Juniper Networks routers’ distinct hardware-based approach to routing Access methods for Juniper Networks routers are discussed, but the examples in this book assume the simplest case of router access for configuration... Routing Policy Examples 536 538 540 541 542 543 Juniper Networks Routing Policy 545 Structure of a Juniper Networks Routing Policy Match Conditions Actions 549 551 553 xi xii Contents Route Filter Match Types Routing Policy Notes Some Routing Policy Examples Regular Expressions and Routing Policy Chapter 16 IGP Routing Policies OSPF Routing Policies Setting Metrics on Redistributed Routes Type 1 and Type... Garrett looked at the early drafts and pronounced them up to Juniper Networks standards (a judgment I seriously worried about), Peter Lundquist shared key findings of his own on Cisco/Juniper Networks router interoperability and configurations, Joe Soricelli wrote a whole course on routing policy that I contributed to and formed the basis for the later chapters in this book, and Richard Salaiz read the first... that routing policy in the configuration languages of both Cisco and Juniper Networks routers is presented So a chapter and section on prepending AS Path information with the BGP AS Path attribute is followed by sections on prepending AS Path information in both the Cisco and Juniper Networks router environment This brief section has already introduced some key terms such as policies and advertised... known as the TCP /IP stack The intent is to provide basic information and knowledge that is assumed in the later chapters The approach treats the TCP /IP protocol stack’s lower layers first, meaning the basic frame structures and transports used for IP packet and routing protocol information transfer Next come the Internet protocol suite upper layers, meaning transport protocols TCP and UDP, as well . Juniper ® and Cisco  Routing Policy and Protocols for Multivendor IP Networks TEAMFLY Team-Fly ® Juniper ® and Cisco  Routing Policy and Protocols for. for Multivendor IP Networks Walter J. Goralski Juniper ® and Cisco  Routing Policy and Protocols for Multivendor IP Networks Publisher: Robert Ipsen