9 I thinking it wouldn't cost more than $300 to fix my car, but I've already spent more than $700 10 Jimmy didn't used to get in trouble until he started to _ with Jake 11 If you don't quit smoking and lose some weight, you're going to dying before you're fifty 12 Visiting my old high school last week a lot of great memories 13 Are you going to anything today or just watching TV? 14 I'm sorry I interrupted your story Please 15 The cashier my stuff and said, "That comes to $47.21." 16 Alfonso left his credit card at the restaurant, so he had to to get it 22 FOCUS ON: the particle up and the adverbs right and all The particle up is used in many phrasal verbs, and one of its uses is to say that something has been done thoroughly or completely: The building burned (The building was damaged but not destroyed.) The building burned UP (The building was completely destroyed.) Right, discussed in Section 19, is often used in phrasal verbs with up to indicate that the action of the verb not only happened thoroughly and completely but also quickly: They ate it up (They ate all the food.) They ate it right up (They ate all the food, and they ate it quickly.) Remember that right can be used in this way only after an object that is separating the verb and particle: They ate the pizza right up They ate right up the pizza Even though up indicates that the action of the verb is thorough and complete, all is sometimes used for further emphasis with participle adjectives derived from phrasal verbs with up: My taxes are all paid up The drain is all plugged up 165 Infinitive present tense -ing form past tense past participle burn up & burns up burning up burned up burned up burn up burn up p.v When something is completely destroyed by heat or fire, it burns up The meteor burned up in the atmosphere The rocket's fuel will burn up after only forty seconds burn up p.v When people or things destroy something with heat or fire, they burn it up There's no more coal We burned it all up Jet engines burn up fuel at a tremendous rate burned up part.adj After something is completely destroyed by heat or fire, it is burned up There isn't anymore firewood; it's all burned up The house is all burned up There's no way it can be saved burned up p.v [informal] When something makes you very angry, it burns you up It really burns me up when other people take credit for my work I have to say something to Sally about what she did It's burning me up burned up part.adj [informal] When you are very angry, you are burned up Jim was burned up when his boss criticized him during the meeting Relax — it's nothing to get all burned up about clear up clear up & clears up clearing up cleared up cleared up clear up p.v When a problem, misunderstanding, or disease goes away, it clears up The misunderstanding cleared up right away after we talked about it My rash is clearing up by itself I don't need to go to the doctor cleared up part.adj After a problem, misunderstanding, or disease goes away, it is cleared up / feel great My sinus infection is all cleared up Everything's okay It was a big misunderstanding, but it's cleared up now clear up p.v When you something to solve a problem or misunderstanding or something to cure a disease, you clear it up Everyone was confused about the new policy, so a memo was issued that cleared everything up The medicine Dr Smith gave me cleared the infection up 166 clear up p.v When clouds in the sky go away, the weather clears up Unless it clears up, we'll have to cancel the picnic It was a beautiful day after the sky cleared up Infinitive present tense -ing form past tense past participle count up & counts up counting up counted up counted up count up count up p.v When you count all of something to see how many of them there are, you count them up Count the money up and tell me what the total is Counting up the yes and no votes is going to take a long time eat up eat up & eats up eating up ate up eaten up eat up p.v When you eat food up, you eat all of it There's no more pizza; David ate it all up Don't eat up the cake before your father gets a piece eat up p.v When something eats up something else, such as money or time, it uses all of it I'm broke Fixing my car last week ate up my entire paycheck I don't want to go shopping with you It'll eat up the whole day heat up heat up & heats up heating up heated up heated up heat up p.v When something or someone makes something hotter, they heat it up Waiter, this soup is cold Would you heat it up for me? Sometimes the sun heats up the desert to 120 degrees heated up part.adj After something or someone makes something hotter, it is heated up Don't give the baby that cold bottle; give her this heated up one The spaghetti has been in the microwave for five minutes, so I'm sure it's heated up by now pay up pay up & pays up paying up paid up paid up pay up p.v When you pay up, you pay all the money you owe to a person, bank, and so on, usually as a result of pressure to pay the money A guy from the collection agency called and told me I'd better pay up I wasn't surprised when the insurance company refused to pay up 167 paid up part.adj After you are paid up, you have paid all the money you owe to a person, bank, and so on / told the bill collector that he had made a mistake I'm alt paid up Betty's VISA card is paid up, so there won't be any finance charge next month plug up plug up & plugs up plugging up plugged up plugged up plug up p.v When people or things block a narrow passage, such as a pipe, drain, or hole, so that nothing can flow through it, they plug it up Don't pour bacon grease in the sink; it'll plug up the drain I need to plug up the hole in the roof where the rain is leaking in plugged up part.adj When a narrow passage, such as a pipe, drain, or hole, is completely blocked so that nothing can flow through it, it is plugged up Call the plumber; the sink's plugged up My nose is all plugged up, and I can't smell anything wipe up wipe up & wipes up wiping up wiped up wiped up wipe up p.v When you completely remove a liquid from a surface by moving a towel or sponge across it with a sweeping motion, you wipe the liquid up (Wipe up is similar to wipe off; however, you wipe up a liquid, but you wipe off the surface the liquid is on.) Susie spilled her milk, and her mother told her to wipe it all up You'd better wipe up the water on the bathroom floor before someone falls EXERCISE 22a — Complete the sentences with phrasal verbs from this section Be sure the phrasal verbs are in the correct tense Don't the potato chips Leave some for me We have to the hole in this boat fast before it sinks It me when people smoke in a nonsmoking section There was a lot of confusion about the new plan, so we asked Tom to it for us The bill collector threatened to repossess my car if I didn't The pain I had in my shoulder right after I tried the new therapy Okay, let's the points to see who won the game It was cloudy in the morning, but around 11:00 it right It hasn't rained in months, so this dry forest will really if there's a fire 168 10 Would you get a towel and the coffee you spilled? 11 I'll put your dinner in the refrigerator, and you can it when you come home 12 I'm going to all these old papers in the fireplace 13 I didn't have any insurance, so paying for those hospital bills really _ all my savings EXERCISE 22b — Write three sentences using the objects in parentheses Be sure to put the objects in the right place They burned up (the wood, it) He ought to clear up (the misunderstanding, it) Would you count up? (the votes, them) Have they eaten up? (all the candy, it) I can't plug up (the hole, it) 169 Wipe up right now! (that water, it) EXERCISE 22c — Write answers to the questions using phrasal verbs and participle adjectives from this section Be sure the phrasal verbs are in the correct tense You completely blocked the drain so that water couldn't go through it What did you to the drain? In Question 1, how would you describe the drain? I'm putting my coffee in the microwave to make it hotter What am I doing to my coffee? In Question 3, how would you describe my coffee after I take it out of the microwave? Erik hasn't counted all the money What hasn't Erik done? You'll pay all your late mortgage payments What will you to your mortgage? In Question 6, how will you be regarding your mortgage? The police used fire to destroy all the drugs What did the police do? In Question 8, how would you describe the drugs now? 10 My disease went away immediately What did my disease do? 11 Sarah is cleaning up all the orange juice that she spilled on the floor What is Sarah doing? 12 Carlos always eats all his baby food, and he eats it quickly What does Carlos do? 170 EXERCISE 22d, Review — Complete the sentences with these phrasal verbs from previous sections Be sure the phrasal verbs are in the correct tense To check their meanings, review the section number given after each one carry on, 16 go with, 15 look around, 21 step on, 21 count on,16 hand in, 13 put away, 14 take out on, 21 dress up, 14 head back, 15 sign in, 12 think ahead, 21 dry up, 14 head for, 15 sign out, 12 zip up, 21 I'll be there when you need me You can me Do you think these shoes my dress? _ so that you have everything you need when you get there Linda is here in the office somewhere — she at 8:52 Linda always leaves at 5:00, and it's almost 6:00 now, so I'm sure she has already _ That guy is crazy He ought to be When you finish with the job application, you can it to the secretary I don't think we should make any changes now Let's our original plan The party will be casual, so you don't have to 10 Maria told me she would be in the library between 7:00 and 8:00, but I _ and couldn't find her 11 There's some broken glass there — don't it 12 I hope it rains soon The lake is starting to 13 _your coat — it's fifteen degrees below zero outside 14 Janice hates her job, and she _ it _ _ her husband 15 I'm San Diego, and I should get there by late afternoon 16 I'll stay in San Diego for a week and then to Los Angeles 171 23 FOCUS ON: two-word phrasal verbs that require an additional particle when used with an object, As we saw in Section 9, many phrasal verbs that can be used both intransitively and transitively require a second particle when they are used transitively, which makes them threeword phrasal verbs Although these phrasal verbs have a three-word version, they remain classified as twoword verbs because the two-word and three-word phrasal verbs have the same meaning — they are variations of the same verb: He filled in He filled in for Mike There are, however, three-word phrasal verbs that share the same verb and first particle as another two-word phrasal verb but have an entirely different meaning These are two different phrasal verbs and are classified separately: He put up a poster He put up with her rudeness Infinitive present tense crack down crack down & cracks down -ing form past tense past participle cracking down cracked down cracked down crack down (on) p.v When you crack down or crack down on someone or something, you enforce rules and laws more than you enforced them before or you make new, stronger rules and laws The chief of police said he was going to crack down on car theft The students have been coming to class later and later everyday It's time to start cracking down crackdown n When you enforce rules and laws more than you enforced them before, this is a crackdown The FBI is planning a major crackdown on organized crime After the crackdown, the crime rate plunged cut down cut down & cuts down cutting down cut down cut down cut down p.v When you cut down a tree, you use a saw or an axe to cut it and make it fall to the ground You should cut that dead tree down before it falls on your house The builder was criticized for cutting down so many trees when he built the house cut down p.v [informal — always separated] When you cut people down to size, you or say something to make them feel less important or less powerful 172 I'm tired of that jerk I'm going to cut him down to size Hank thinks he's such a tough guy Someone ought to cut him down to size cut down (on) p.v When you cut down or cut down on something that you consume, you use it less When you cut down or cut down on something you do, you it less Cut back is similar to cut down If you can't quit smoking, you should at least cut down My doctor said cutting down on fat in my diet would lower my cholesterol Infinitive present tense drop out drop out & drops out -ing form past tense past participle dropping out dropped out dropped out drop out (of) p.v When you drop out or drop out of a school, a training course, or other program, you leave before completing it The program is very difficult, and about 70 percent of the students drop out Linda's father was very disappointed when she dropped out of college dropout n A dropout is someone who has left school, usually high school or college, before graduating Many successful people are college dropouts get away get away & gets away getting away got away gotten/got away get away (from) p.v When you escape from people who are chasing you because they want to hurt you or because you have committed a crime, you get away or get away from them When he took the knife out of his pocket, I got away from him fast By the time the police arrived, the robbers had already gotten away getaway n When you escape from people who want to capture or hurt you, you make a getaway The robbers made their getaway in a blue Ford The car used for the getaway was found abandoned in the next town get away (with) p.v When you something that is sneaky or wrong and you are not punished or criticized for it because no one knows or cares about it, you get away with it Jake has been cheating on his taxes for years, and he always gets away with it He got away with kilting his ex-wife even though everyone knew he was guilty get away (from) p.v When you get away from people or places, you leave them even though it may be difficult I'm tired of this town I need to get away Frank was talking and talking, and I couldn't get away from him 173 get away p.v When you get away, you go on vacation / have a lot of work to do, but I'll try to get away for a week or two We always try to get away in January and go skiing Infinitive hold out present tense -ing form past tense past participle hold out & holds out holding out held out held out hold out p.v When you hold out your hand, you extend it in front of your body so that someone can shake hands with you or put something in your hand Hold out is similar to put out Maybe Mr Young is mad at me I held out my hand, but he didn't shake it The street was filled with beggars holding their hands out hold out p.v When a supply of something is enough for your needs, the supply holds out The beer held out until the end of the party, but we didn't have enough wine This is all the money I have, so it has to hold out until I get paid again hold out p.v When you hold out, you resist an attack, pressure, or temptation or you continue to survive in a dangerous situation More than 1,000 enemy soldiers attacked the fort There were only 98 of us inside, but we held out for two weeks I haven't had a cigarette in three days, and I don't know how much longer I can hold out holdout n Someone who resists an attack, pressure, or temptation is a holdout The enemy soldiers are in control of the country, but there are some holdouts hiding in the mountains There are still a few holdouts who don't have credit cards hold out (for) p.v When you hold out or hold out for something, you refuse to compromise in a negotiation and accept anything less than your original demands The basketball player is holding out for a million dollars a game The union spokesman said the union members would hold out until their demands were met holdout n When you refuse to compromise in a negotiation and accept anything less than your original demands, you are a holdout All the players have signed contracts except for two holdouts make up make up & makes up making up made up made up make up p.v When you invent a story to entertain or fool people, you make the story up When you invent a lie to deceive people, you make the lie up 174 My son asked me to make up a story about monsters Hank told his boss he was late for work because he had to go to the doctor, but he just made that excuse up made-up part.adj When a story is invented or fictional, it is made-up There's no truth to any of this — it's just a made-up story make up (of) p.v [often passive] When people or things make up a larger thing, they together form that larger thing When a larger thing is made up of people or things, they together form that larger thing Children under fifteen make up 50 percent of the population An airplane is made up of thousands of parts make up p.v When you make up your mind, make up your mind about something, or make up your mind about doing something, you decide which choice to make or which action to take / like both the blue dress and the red dress I can't make up my mind My daughter still hasn't made up her mind about which college to attend Marsha made her mind up about quitting her job and joining the Navy made up part.adj After you make up your mind or make up your mind to something, your mind is made up Don't waste your time talking to Tom about it — his mind is made up make up p.v When you have an amount of money that is not enough for a certain requirement and you add more money so that it will be enough, you make up the difference between the amount you have and the amount you need The cashier was supposed to have $755 at the end of her shift, but she had only $735, so she had to make the shortage up with her own money I didn't have enough saved to pay for college, but my Uncle Fred made up the difference make up p.v When you something that you were required to earlier but did not, such as attend a class, take a test, or complete a homework assignment, you make it up Karen asked the teacher about making up the test that she missed The teacher told her she could make it up tomorrow after school make up p.v [the noun and adjectives derived from this verb are much more commonly used than the verb itself] When you make yourself up, you put lipstick, eye shadow, and so on, on your face She made herself up and went to the party make-up n Make-up is cosmetics: lipstick, mascara, and soon Heather's father thinks she wears too much make-up 175 made-up part.adj After people have put on make-up, they are made-up Did you see Lydia? She's really beautiful when she's all made-up make up (with) p.v When two people make up or make up with each other, they end an argument and resume friendly relations Sally and Jim had a big fight, but they made up the next day Mr Baker said he won't make up with his wife until she apologizes Infinitive stay out present tense -ing form past tense past participle stay out & stays out staying out stayed out stayed out stay out p.v When you stay out, you not return to your house Do you let your kids stay out past 7:00? I stayed out late last night, and I'm really exhausted stay out (of) p.v When you stay out of a place, you not go inside it Your father's busy cooking dinner, so stay out of the kitchen You can't come in here Stay out! stay out (of) p.v When you stay out of a situation, such as an argument, fight, battle, or war, you not get involved in it This fight doesn't involve you, so stay out Jake has stayed out of trouble since he left prison watch out watch out & watches out watching out watched out watched out watch out (for) p.v When you watch out or watch out for something, you remain alert for someone or something that is dangerous or important When you tell people to watch out or watch out for something, you are warning them of possible danger Watch out is the same as look out Watch out when you're crossing a busy street Karen said she would meet us here at 12:00, so watch out for her Watch out! There's a snake in the grass I dropped a glass in the kitchen, so watch out for broken glass EXERCISE 23a — Complete the sentences with phrasal verbs from this section Be sure the phrasal verbs are in the correct tense Are you telling me the truth, or did you _ that _? You're going to a dangerous area _ for muggers I have to _ _ on salt in my diet because of my high blood pressure We had to _ _ two trees to make room for the new swimming pool 176 of the water — someone saw a shark The soldiers in the fort couldn't against such a huge and powerful army The United States is of people from many different races and cultures It was too hard to work and go to school at the same time, so Todd had to of college Carmen can pay only half of the money she owes me, but Luis promised to the difference 10 A group of concerned citizens is demanding that the police on prostitution in their neighborhood 11 The bank robbers in a white sedan with Florida license plates 12 When the President walks past you, your hand and maybe he'll shake it 13 I really need a vacation I haven't in three years 14 I told my son that if he can't of trouble, I'm going to send him to military school 15 The airline pilots are for a 15 percent raise, and they will not accept anything less 16 The store's closing in five minutes, so you need to your mind about which pair of shoes you want 17 After fourteen years he thought he had with the murder, but he was wrong 18 All Joe does is complain and criticize I need to from him 19 Mike didn't come home until 4:30 in the morning, and his father was furious that he _ so late 20 He thinks he's so smart I hope someone _ him _ to size someday 21 Be careful about how much you spend — this money has to | until payday 177 22 Bob and Marsha had a big argument, but they with each other and now everything is okay 23 The professor warned the students that if they missed the final examination, they could not it EXERCISE 23b — Complete the sentences with the correct second particles The principal is going to crack down smoking in the bathroom If you want to lose weight, cut down cake and cookies He dropped out college before graduation After Jake robbed the liquor store, he was arrested and sent to jail He didn't get away robbing the liquor store The French workers are holding out _ a 100 percent raise and a two-day workweek There are a lot of rattlesnakes around here, so watch out them Timmy's mother told him to stay out the cookie jar EXERCISE 23c — Write answers to the questions using phrasal verbs, participle adjectives, and nouns from this section Be sure the phrasal verbs are in the correct tense The union members are on strike, and some will not go back to work unless they get the 10 percent raise they demanded in the beginning What are the union members doing? Some union members accepted a percent raise and went back to work, but not the union members in Question What would you call the union members in Question 1? Jim and his sister had a big fight, but they apologized to each other, and now everything is okay What did Jim and his sister do? Jake stopped going to high school before he graduated What did Jake do? In Question 4, what is Jake? You considered buying either a Toyota or a Nissan, and then you made your decision What did you do? My elbow is very sore, so my doctor told me to play less tennis What did my doctor tell me? 178 Most of the Democrats will vote in favor of the new law, but a few are resisting pressure to vote yes What are the Democrats who don't want to vote yes doing? In Question 8, what are the Democrats who don't want to vote yes? 10 Mr and Mrs Ortega went to a party and didn't come home until 3:00 A.M What did they do? 11 The explorer's supply of food and water has to last for three months What does the explorer's supply of food and water have to for three months? 12 Erik invented a funny story for his daughter What did Erik do? 13 In Question 12, Erik's funny story wasn't true How would you describe it? 14 Mr Flores cheats on his taxes, but so far he hasn't been caught What has Mr Flores done so far? 15 There are a log of big trucks on the road, so when you drive, you have to be careful What you have to when you drive? 16 The police are going to start working harder to prevent crime What are the police going to do? 17 In Question 16, what can you call the plan to work harder to prevent crime? EXERCISE 23d, Review — Complete the sentences with these phrasal verbs from previous sections Be sure the phrasal verbs are in the correct tense To check their meanings, review the section number given after each one aim at, 19 believe in, 16 fall apart, 17 get through, 16 stand around, 18 tell apart, 18 break through, 18 go for, 16 think about, 16 burn up, 22 grow out of, 17 wipe up, 22 come over, 17 hold off, 16 count up, 22 put past, 16 Do you want these baby clothes? My daughter has _ them It's always a good idea to installing a new software version until they get all the bugs out 179 ... many of them there are, you count them up Count the money up and tell me what the total is Counting up the yes and no votes is going to take a long time eat up eat up & eats up eating up ate up eaten... it, it is plugged up Call the plumber; the sink''s plugged up My nose is all plugged up, and I can''t smell anything wipe up wipe up & wipes up wiping up wiped up wiped up wipe up p.v When you completely... it) He ought to clear up (the misunderstanding, it) Would you count up? (the votes, them) Have they eaten up? (all the candy, it) I can''t plug up (the hole, it) 169 Wipe up right now! (that water,